(* = key reference)

Introduction

+ American Zoologist, 1982. Symposium on alternative hypotheses in biogeography. American Zoologist 22 (2): 347-471.

Ball, I.R., 1976. Nature and formulation of Biogeographical hypotheses. Systematic Zoology 24 (4): 407-430.

Beaufort, L.F. de, 1951. Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Waters. Sidgwick & Jackson, London.

+ Bermingham, E. 1984. Historical Biogeography: A molecular approach utilizing restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA. American Zoologist 24 (3): 82A.

Briggs, J.C., 1974. Marine Zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York.

+ Brown, J.H. and Gibson, A.C., 1983. Biogeography. C.V. Mosby Company, Toronto. xi + 643 pp.

+ Churnet, H.G., and Misra, K.C., 1981. Genetic implications of the trace element distribution pattern in the upper Knox carbonate rocks, Copper Ridge, east Tennessee. Sedimentary Geology 30: 173-194.

Coleman, P.J., 1980. Plate Tectonics Background to Biogeographic Development in the Southwest Pacific Over the Last 100 Million Years. Paleaogeography. Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 31:105-121.

Cox, C.B., and Moore, P.D., 1980. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 3rd edition. Cox and Moore (ed.).

Cox, C.B. and Moore, P.D., 1985. Biogeography, 4th Edition. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. pp. 133-180.

*+ Croizat, L., Nelson, G., and Rosen, D.R., 1974. Centers of Origin and related concepts. Syst. Zool. 23 (3): 265-287.

Darlington, P.J., 1957. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Wiley, New York.

Des Marais, D.J., 1980. The organic geochemical record in ancient sediments and the early evolution of life - a short summary. In, The Origins of Life and Evolution, edited by Y. Wollman: 19-29.

*+ Diamond, J.M., 1982. The Biogeography of the Pacific Basin. Nature, 298 (5875): 604-605.

*+ Endler, J.A., 1982. Alternative hypotheses in biogeography: Introduction and synopsis of the symposium. American Zoologist 22 (2): 349-354.

+ Endler, J.A., 1982. Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factors in biogeography. American Zoologist 22 (2): 441-452.

+ Frankel, H., 1984. Biogeography, before and after the rise of sea floor spreading. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 15 (2): 141-168.

*+ Furley, P.A., 1983. Evolution of terrestrial animals and the patterns of distribution. In, Geography of the Biosphere, edited by P.A. Furley and W.A. Newey: 164-189.

Gadow, H., 1913. The Wandering of Animals. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Ghiselin, M.T., 1969. The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.

+ Gonick, L., 1987. The evolution of everything. In, The Cartoon History of the Universe Volume 1.

* Illies, J., 1974. Introduction to Zoogeography. MacMillan, London.

Matthew, W.D., 1915. Climate and Evolution. Spec. Publ. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1: 223 pp.

Mller, P., 1974. Aspects of Zoogeography. W. Junk, The Hague.

Murphy, J.B.and Nance, R.D., 1992. Mountain Belts and the Supercontinents Cycle. Scientific American. April:84-91.

Rosen, D.E., 1978. Vicariant Patterns and Historical Explanation in Biogeography. Systematic Zoology 27:159-188.

+ Schmidt, H.P. (1954). Faunal Realms, Regions and Provinces. The Quarterly Review of Biology,29: 322-333

Scientific American (Special publications)
The Ocean, 1969.
Oceanography, 1971.
Planet Earth, 1974.

Seddon, B., 1971. Introduction to Biogeography. Duckworth, London.

Simpson, B.B., 1983. Distributional Patterns. Science, 222(4620): 157-158.

Simpson, G.G., 1965. The Geography of Evolution. Chilton Co., Philadelphia.

Stokes, W.L., 1982. Essentials of Earth History, 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.

Udvardy, M.D.F., 1969. Dynamic Zoogeography with Special Reference to Land Animals. van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

Geology

+ Anderson, D.L. and Dziewonski, A.M., 1984. Seismic Tomography. Scientific American (October): 60-68.

*+ Archibald, J.D., 1982. Late Cretaceous extinctions. Amer. Sci. 70(4): 377-385.

*+ Asashima, M., Shimada, K., and Pfeiffer, C.J., 1991. Magnetic shielding induces early developmental abnormalities in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Bioelectromagnetics, 12: 215-224.

Barnosky, C.W., et al., 1987. In, The Geology of North America. Geological Society of North America. Vol k-3:39-42.

+ Bartusiak, M., 1984. Mapping the sea floor from space. Popular Science (February): 80-85.

+ Berberian, F., Muir, I.D., Pankhurst, R.J., and Berberian, M., 1982. Late Cretaceous and early Miocene Andean-type plutonic activity in northern Makran and Central Iran. J. Geol. Soc. London 139: 605-614.

Bhat, M.I., 1984. Abor Volcanics: Further Evidence for the Birth of the Tethys Ocean in the Himalayan segment. J. Geol. Soc. London. Vol. 141: 763-775.

Bonatti, E., and K. Crane, 1984. Oceanic Fracture Zones. Scientific American (May): 40-51.

*+ Brass, G.W., Southam, J.R., and Peterson, W.H., 1982. Warm saline bottom water in the ancient ocean. Nature 295 (April): 620-623.

Brown, D.A., et al., 1968. The Geological Evolution of Australia and New Zealand, Pergamon Press, Toronto. pp. 172-338.

* Bullard, F.M., 1979. Volcanoes and Their Activity. In, Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. Sheets, P.D. and Grayson, D.K. (ed.): 9-48.

*+ Bullard, E., 1969. The Origin of the Oceans. Scientific Americ (September): 66-75.

*+ Burchfiel, B.C., 1983. The Continental Crust. Scientific American (September): 130-142.

*+ Carrigan, C.R., and Gubbins, D., 1979. The source of the Earth's magnetic field. Scientific American (February): 118-130.

+ Chamberlain, V.E., and St. J. Lambert, 1985. Cordilleria, a Newly Defined Canadian Microcontinent. Nature, Vol. 314: 707-713.

+ Churnet, H.G. and Misra, K.C., 1981. Genetic implications of the trace element distribution pattern in the Upper Knox carbonate rocks, Copper Ridge District, East Tenn. Sed. Geol., 30(3): 173-195.

Des Marais, D.J., 1980. The organic geochemical record in ancient sediments and the early evolution of life - a short summary. The Origins of Life and Evolution 1: 19-29.

+ Easterbrook, D.J., 1976. Quaternary Geology of the Pacific Northwest. In, Quaternary Stratigraphy of North America, W.C. Mahaney (ed.): 441-462.

Flint, R.F., 1974. Glacial and Quarternary Geology. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. pp.229, 442-451, 463-497.

+ Francheteau, J., 1983. The Oceanic Crust. Scientific American (September): 114-129.

+ Francis, P., and Self, S., 1983. The Eruption of Krakatau. Scientific American 249 (5): 172-187.

Fryer, B.J., Fyfe, W.S., and Kerrick, R., 1979. Archaean Volcanogenic Oceans. Chem. Geol., 24: 25-33.

+ Ganapathy, R., 1980. A major meteorite impact on the Earth 65 million years ago: Evidence from the Cretaceous-Teritary boundary clay. Science 209 (4548): 921-923.

+ Gass, I.G., 1982. Ophiolites. Scientific American (August): 108-117.

*+ Hallam, A., 1983. Supposed Permo-Triassic Megashear Between Laurasia and Gondwana. Nature 301 (5900): 499-502.

+ Haymon, R.M., and Kastner, M., 1981. Hot springs deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degrees N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53: 363-381.

*+ Hays, J.D., 1971. Faunal Extinctions and Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. Vol. 82: 2433-2447.

*+ Hekinian, R., 1984. Undersea Volcanoes. Scientific American (July): 46-55.

+ Holser, W.T., 1979. Trace Elements and Isotopes in Evaporites. Mineralogical Soc. of Amer. 6: 295-346.

Howarth, M.K., 1981. Palaeogeography of the Mesozoic. In, The Evolving Earth, edited by L.R.M. Cocks, British Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge.

+ Ingmanson, D.E., 1980. Unique Amino Acid Composition of Red Sea Brine. Nature, 286: 51-52.

*+ James, D.E., 1973. The Evolution of the Andes. Sci. Amer., Aug.: 61-69.

+ Karson, J.A., Elthon, D.L., and DeLong, S.E., 1983. Ultramafic intrusions in the Lewis Hills Massif, Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, Newfoundland: Implications for igneeous processes at oceanic fracture zones. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 (January): 15-29.

Kumer, R., 1985. Fundamental of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India. Wiley Eastern Ltd..

+ McDougall, K., 1980. Paleoecological Evaluation of Late Eocene Biostratigraphic Zonations of the Pacific Coast of North America. J. of Paleontology, 54(4): 1-35.

*+ McGhee, G.R. Jr., Sutton, R.G., 1981. Late Devonian Marine Ecology and Zoogeography of the Central Appalachians and New York, USA. Lethaia 14(1): 27-43.

*+ McKenzie, D.P., and Sclater, J.g., 1973. The evolution of the Indian Ocean. Scientific American 228 (May): 63-72.

* Maxwell, J.C., 1984. What is the lithosphere? EOS 65 (17): 321-325.

+ Menard, H.W., 1969. The Deep-Ocean Floor. Sci. American 221(3): 127-142.

Monroe, J.S., 1989. Historical Geology: Evolution on the Earth and Life Through Time, West Publishing Company.

Nilssen, T., 1983. The Pleistocene: Geology and Life in the Quarternary Ice Age. D.Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht.

*+ Officer, C.B., and Drake, C.L., 1983. The Cretaceous-Teritary transition. Science 219 (4591): 1383-1390.

*+ Orowan, E., 1969. The Origin of the Oceanic Ridges. Sci. American, 221(5): 102-119.

Owen, T.R., 1976. The Geological Evolution of the British Isles. Pergamon Press, New York.pp.26-152.

+ Ross, J.V., 1981. A geodynamic model for some structures within and adjacent to the Okanagan Valley, southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18 (10): 1581-1598.

Rust, I.C., 1978. Tectonic and Sedimentary Framework of Gondwana Basins in Southern Africa. Gondwana Geology. Presented at the 3rd Gondwana Symposium, Cranberry, Australia. National University Press, Australia. pp.537-564.

*+ Sclater, J.G., and C. Tapscott, 1979. History of the Atlantic. Sci. American, 240L6):156-161, 166, 169-174.

+ Smith, A.G., and Woodcock, N.H., 1982. Tectonic syntheses of the Alpine-Mediterranean region: a review. In, Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics, edited by H. Berkhemer and K. Hsu: 15-38.

Stets, J. and Wuster, P., 1982. Atlas and Atlantic-Structural Relations. Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin, edited by U. von Ral et al.: 69-85. Springer-Verlag, New York.

*+ Stock, J.H., 1981. The geologic origin of the islands of the West-Indies in relation to the distribution of some Stygobiont Malacostraca. Geobios, 14(2): 219-228.

Strahler, A.H. and Strahler, A.H., 1987. Modern Physical Geography, 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp.218-222

Summerfield, M.A., 1991. Global Geomorphology: An Introduction to the Study of Land Forms. Kongman Scientific and Technical, New York.

Teller, J.T., 1987. Proglacial Lakes and the Southern Margin of the Larentide Ice Sheet. In, The Geology of North America. Geological Society of North America. Vol K-3:71-90.

Thorson, R.M., E.J. Vink, G.S. Smith, and A.R. Batten, 1982. Interstadial Proboscidean from South-Central Alaska: Implications for Biogeography, Geology and Archaeology. Quatern. Res. 16(3): 404-417.

+ Vink, G.E., Morgan, J.W., and Vogt, P.R., 1985. The Earth's hot spots. Scientific American (April): 50-57.

Wallace, A.R., 1902. Island Life. MacMillan, London.

Ya-Feng et al., 1980. Geological Research on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on China. Geological and Ecological Studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc.. pp. 1589-1593.

Continental Drift

American Zoologist, 1982. Symposium on alternative hypotheses in biogeography. American Zoologist 22(2): 347-471.

Audley-Charles, M.G., Hurley, A.M., and Smith, A.G., 1981. Continental movements in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. In, Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics, edited by T.C. Whitmore: 9-23.

Ball, I.R., 1976. Nature and formulation of Biogeographical hypotheses. Systematic Zoology. 24(4):407-430.

+ Bambach, R.K., Scotese, C.R. and Ziegler, A.M., 1980. Before Pangea: The Geography of the Paleozoic World. Amer. Sci., 68(1): 26-38.

*+ Barron, E.J., Harrison, C.G.A., & Hay, W.W., 1978. A Revised Reconstruction of the Southern Continents. EOS 59 (5): 436-449.

*+ Ben-Avraham, Z., 1981. The Movement of Continents. Amer. Sci. 69(3): 291-299.

+ Brasier, M.D., 1981. Sea-level changes, facies changes and the late Precambrian-early Precambrian evolutionary explosion. Precambrian Research 17:105-123.

*+ Bullard, E., 1969. The Origin of the Oceans. Sci. Amer. Sept. 1969.

+ Chamberlain, V.E., and Lambert, R. St J., 1985. Cordillera, a newly defined Canadian microcontinent. Nature 314 (25): 707-713.

Collinson, J.W., Kemp, N.R. and Eggart, J.T., 1987. Comparison of the Triassic Gondwana Sequences in the Transantarctic Mountains and Tasmania. In, Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Palaeontology. G.D. Mckenzie (Ed.). Geographical Monograph 41: 51-61.

Coulomb, J., 1972. Sea floor spreading and continental drift. Reidle. Boston.

+ Courtillot, V., and Vink, G.E., 1983. How continents break up. Scientific American (July): 43-49.

Cox, A. et al., 1964. Reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Science 144: 1537-1543.

*+ Cox, A., and D. Engebretson, 1985. Change in Motion of Pacific Plate at 5 Myr BP. Nature, Vol. 313 (7): 472-474.

Crawford, A.R., 1974. A Greater Gondwanaland. Science 184: 1179-1181.

Dewey, J.F., 1972. Plate Tectonics. Sci. Amer. May 1972.

*+ Dietz, R.S. & Holden, J.C., 1970. The Breakup of Pangaea. Sci. Amer. 223 (4): 30-41.

Elliot, H.D., 1973. Gondwana Basins of Antarcica. Gondwana Geology. Papers presented at the 3rd Gondwana Symposium, Cranberry, Australia. National University Press. pp. 493-536.

El Shazly, E.M., Dixon, T.H., Engel, A.E.J., Meguid, A., and Stern, R.J., 1980. Late Precambrian crustal evolution of Afro-Arabia from ocean-arc to craton. Egypt. J. Geol. 1-2: 101-121.

Fisher, R.L. & Revelle, R., 1955. The Trenches of the Pacific. Sci. Amer. Nov. 1955.

+ Francheteau, J., 1983. The Oceanic Crust. Scientific American (September), 1983.

Garland, G.D. (ed.). Continental Drift. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto.

Grove, N., 1973. A Village Fights for Its Life. Nat. Geogr. 144: 40-67.

Hallam, A., 1973. A Revolution of the Earth Sciences. From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics. Clarendon, New York.

*+ Hallam, A., 1983. Supposed Permo-Triassic megashear between Laurasia and Gondwana. Nature 301 (February 10): 499-502.

Hays, J.D. & Pitman, W.C., 1973. Lithospheric plate motion, sea level changes and climatic and ecological consequences. Nature, Lond. 246: 18-22.

Heirtzler, J.R., 1968. Sea-floor Spreading. Sci. Amer. Dec. 1968.

Hood, P., 1970. Sea-floor Spreading and Continental Drift. Can. Geogr. J. 80: 32-36.

*+ Hsu,K.J., 1978. When the Black Sea was drained. Sci. Amer. 238:52-63.

Hughes, N.F. (ed.), 1973. Organisms and Continents Through Time. Symp. Palaeont. Assoc. 12: 1-334.

*+ Hurley, P.M., 1968. The Confirmation of Continental Drift. Sci. Amer. (April): 53-62.

*+ James, D.E., 1973. The Evolution of the Andes. Scientific american (August): 61-69.

*+ Jones, D.L., A. Cox, P. Coney, and M. Beck, 1982. The Growth of Western North America. Scientific American (November): 70-84.

Kasbeer, T., 1972. Bibliography of continental drift and plate tectonics. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 142: 1-96.

+ Kay, M., 1955. The Origin of Continents. Sci. Amer. Sept. 1955.

Kazmer, M. and Kovacs, S., 1985. Triassic and Jurassic Oceanic/Palaeoceanic Belts in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region and Its Surroundings. In, Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, edited by A. Segnor: 289-386. Klower Academic Publishers.

King, L.C., 1961. The Palaeoclimatology of the Gondwanaland During the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras. In, Descriptive Palaeoclimatology edited by A.E.M. Nairn: 307-331.

Klein, H.A., 1972. Oceans and Continents in Motion. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia & New York.

Lawver, L.A. and Scotese,C.R., 1987. A Revised Reconstruction of Gondwanaland. American Geophysical Union. pp. 17-22.

Lefont et al. 1985. The Himalayan Orogenic Segment. Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, edited by A. Segnor: 289-386. Klower Academic Publishers.

Le Pichon, X. et al., 1973. Plate Tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

+ Leith, W., 1985. A mid-Mesozoic extension across Central Asia? Nature 313 (February 14): 567-569.

Marispizer, W. et al., 1988. Triassic-Jurassic Rifting and Opening of the Atlantic. In, An Overview. Triassic-Jurassic Rifting, Continental Breakup, and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins, edited by Manspeizer W. Elsezier: 41-79. New York.

Matthews, S.W., 1973. This Changing Earth. Nat. Geogr. 143: 1-37.

McElhinney, M.W., 1973. Mantle Plumes, Palaeomagnetism and Polar Wandering. Nature, Lond. 241: 523-524.

McKenzie, D.P., 1970. Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift. Endeavour 29: 39-44.

*+ McKenzie, D.P. and Sclater, J.G., 1973. The Evolution of the Indian Ocean. In, Planet Earth: Readings from Sci. Amer. 228 May: 62-72.

+ Menard, H.W., 1969. The Deep-Ocean Floor. Sci. Amer. (September): 127-142.

Mueller, S and Phillips, R.J., 1991. On the initiation of subduction. Journal of Geophysical Research - B - Solid Earth and Planets 96: 651-665.

*+ Orowan, E., 1969. The Origin of the Oceanic Ridges. Sci. Amer. Nov. 1969.

Rabinowitz, P.D., 1981. The Madagascar-Africa Separation. In American Geophysics Union 62(17): 297-298.

*+ Rand, H.M., and Mabesoone, J.M., 1982. Northeastern Brazil and the final separation of South America and Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 38: 163-183.

*+ Reyment, R.A., 1980. Paleo oceanology and paleo biogeography of the cretaceous South Atlantic Ocean. Oceanol. Acta 3(1): 127-134.

+ Robbins, L.W., Moulton, M.P., and Baker, R.J.,1983. Extent of Geographic range and magnitude of chromosomal evolution. Journal of Biogeography 10: 533-541.

Runcorn, S.K. (ed.), 1962. Continental Drift. Academic Press, New York.

Scientific American (Special Publications)
Continents adrift, 1972.
Continents adrift and continents aground, 1976.

*+ Sclater, J.G., and Tapscott, C., 1984. The history of the Atlantic. Scientific American (?): 156-174.

Seyfert, C.K. & Sirkin, L.A., 1973. Earth History and Plate Tectonics. An Introduction to Historical Geology. Harper & Row, New York.

+ Smith, P.J., 1974. Sicily as Part of Africa. Nature 251: 102.

Sullivan, W., 1974. Continents in Motion: The New Debate. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Tarling, D.M., 1971. Continental Drift. G. Bell and Sons, London.

+ Tarling, D.H., 1971. Gondwanaland, palaeomagnetism and continental drift. Nature 229 (January 1): 17-21.

Tarling, D.H., 1980. Continental Drift and Biological Evolution. Carolina Biological Supply Co., U.S.A.

Tazieff, H., 1970. The Afar Triangle. Sci. Amer. Feb. 1970.

Thoratinsson, S. et al., 1973. The Eruption on Heimaey, Iceland. Nature, Lond. 241: 372-375.

*+ Wilson, J.T., 1963. Continental Drift. Sci. Amer. April: 86-100.

Wilson, J.T., 1963. Hypothesis of Earth's Behaviour. Nature, Lond. 198: 925-929.

Wilson, J.T., 1976. Continental Drift. Continental Adrift and Continents Aground, edited by J.T. Wilson: 19-33. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

Windley, B.F., 1978. The Evolving Continents. John Wiley & Sons.

Continental Drift & Biogeography

Acad, C.R., 1979. Plate tectonic and evolutive biogeography: distribution of Retoplumidae mero planktonic crabs, Crustacea brachyura, from the Cenozoic proto Atlantic to the actual Indo Pacific. Academy of Sciences, series D: Natural Sciences. 289(3): 351-354.

Adams, C.G., 1981. An outline of Tertiary Palaeogeography. In, The Evolving Earth, edited by L.R.M. Cocks. British Museum, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Berggren, W.A., 1977. Plate Tectonics and Paleo Biogeography of the Atlantic Ocean. J. Paleontol. Vol. I: 59 (2 suppl. part 3).

*+ Boucot, A.J., 1974. Silurian and Devonian Biogeography. In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality (ed. C.A. Ross): 165-177.

+ Brasier, M.D., 1981. Sea-level changes, facies changes and the late Precambrian-early Precambrian evolutionary explosion. Precambrian Research 17: 105-123.

Cals, P., 1979. Plate tectonics and deep sea speciation, endemism and peculiarity of an Abyssal Holobenthic crustacean Serolis monodi, new-species of the Enderby Basin Antarctica. Comptes rendus des seances de l'academie des sciences, serie D: Sciences Naturelles. 288(13): 1031-1034.

+ Colbert, E.H., 1971. Tetrapods and Continents. Quart. Rev. Biol. 46: 250-269.

*+ Colbert, E.H., 1972. Lystrosaurus and Gondwanaland. Evol. Biol. 6: 157-177.

Colbert, E.H. and Kitching, J.W., 1981. Scaloposaurian reptiles from the triassic of Antarctica. Amer. Mus. Novitates. 2709: 1-22.

+ Coney, P.J., 1982. Plate Tectonic Constraints on the Biogeography of Middle America and the Carribean Region. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 432-443.

Cosgriff, J.W., Hammer, W.R., and Ryan, W.J., 1982. The Pangea reptile, Lystrosaurus maccaigi, in the lower Triassic of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 56 (2): 371-385.

Crompton, A.W., 1970. Continental drift and a strange fossil reptile. Discovery 5: 105-108.

Earl, P.R., 1979. Notes on the taxonomy of the opalinids, Protozoa, including remarks on continental drift. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 98(4): 549-557.

*+ Elliot, D.H. et al., 1970. Triassic tetrapods from Antarctica: evidence for continental drift. Science, Wash. 169 (September 18): 1197-1201.

+ Flessa, K.W., 1980. Biological effects of plate tectonics and continental drift. Bioscience 30(8): 518-522.

*+ Fooden, J., 1972. Breakup of Pangaea and isolation of relict mammals in Australia, South America, and Madagascar. Science, Wash. 175: 894-898.

*+ Fooden, J., 1973. Rifting and drift of Australia and the migration of mammals. Science 180 (May 18): 759-761.

Gentry, A. W., and Sutcliffe, A.J., 1981. Pleistocene Geography and Mammal Faunas. In, The Evolving Earth edited by L.R.M. Cocks. British Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge.

*+ Hallam, A., 1972. Continental drift and the fossil record. Sci. Amer. 227(5): 56-66.

Hallam, A., 1977. Biogeographic evidence bearing on the creation of Atlantic seaways in the Jurassic. J. Paleontol. Vol. I: 51 (2 suppl. part 3) p. 12-13.

+ Hallam, A., 1981. The end-Triassic bivalve extinction event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 1-44.

+ Hays, J.D. Faunal extinctions and reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82(9), p. 2433-2447.

+ Hedges, S.B., 1982. Caribbean biogeography: Implications of recent plate tectonic studies. Syst. Zool. 31 (4): 518-522.

Hughes, N.F. (ed.), 1973. Organisms and continents through time. Spec. Pap. in Palaeont. 12: 1-334. Palaeont. Assoc. London.

+ Jardine, N. & McKenzie, D., 1972. Continental drift and the dispersal and evolution of organisms. Nature, Lond. 235 (January 7): 20-24.

Keast, A., 1971. Continental drift and the evolution of the mammals of southern continents. Quart. Rev. Biol. 46: 335-378.

Keast, A., Erk, F.C. & Glass, B. (eds.), 1972. Evolution, mammals, and southern continents. State Univ. New York Press, Albany.

Kennett, J. P., 1980. Palaeoceanographic and Biogeograhic Evolution of the Southern Ocean During the Cenozoic, and Cenozoic Microfossil Datums. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 31: 123-152.

Khudoley, K.M., 1974. Circum Pacific Mesozoic Ammonold distribution, relation to hypotheses of continental drift polar wandering and earth expansion, Kahle, Charles, F. (ed.). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoire, No. 23. Plate tectonics: Assessments and reassessments. VI + 514 p. Illus. Maps. American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Tulsa, Okla., U.S.A.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., 1980. Absence of ptilodontoidean mustituberculates from Asia and its paleogeographic implications. Lethaia 13(2): 169-173.

+ Kitching, J.W., Collinson, J.W., Elliot, D.H., and Colbert, E.H., 1972. Lystrosaurus zone (Triassic) fauna from Antarctica. Science, Wash. 175 (February 4): 524-527.

+ Kurten, B., 1969. Continental drift and evolution. Sci. Amer. (March): 54-64.

+ McDowall, R.M., 1980. Fresh water fishes and plate tectonics in the Southwest Pacific. Palaeogeography 31(2-4): 337-352.

Raven, P.H. & Axelrod, D.I., 1972. Plate tectonics and Austrasian paleobiogeography. Science, Wash. 176 (4042): 1379-1386.

Rich, P.V., 1979. Fossil birds of old Gondwanaland: a comment on drifting continents and their passengers. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 321-332.

+ Rotondo, G.M., Springer, V.G., Scott, G.A.J., Schlanger, S.O., 1981. Plate movement and island integration - a possible mechanism in the formation of endemic biotas, with special reference to the Hawaiian Islands. Syst. Zool., 30(1): 12-21.

*+ Schlinger, E.I., 1974. Continental drift, Nothofagus, and some ecologically associated insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 19: 323-343.

Sheehan, P.M., 1979. Swedish late Ordovician marine benthic assemblages and their bearing on brachiopod zoogeography. Proceedings of the Annual Bio. Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 61-74.

Simpson, G.G., 1970. Drift theory: Antarctica and Central Asia. Science, Wash. 170: 678.

Smiley, C.J., 1979. Pre Tertiary phyto geography and continental drift: some apparent discrepancies. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 311-320.

Taylor, E.G., Calloman, J.H., Hall, R., Smith, P.L., Tipper, H.W., and Westernman, G.E.G., 1984. Jurassic Ammonite Biogeography of Western North America: The Tectonic Implications. In, Jurassic Cretaceous Biochronology and Palaeogeography of North America, edited by G.E.G. Westerman. Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 27.

*+ Tedford, R.H., 1974. Marsupials and the New Paleogeography. C.A. Ross (ed.). In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality.

Thornton, I.W.B., 1980. Plate tectonics and the distribution of the insect family philotarsidae order Psocoptera in the Southwest Pacific. Palaeogeography 31(2-4): 251-266.

*+ Valentine, J.W. & Moores, E.M., 1974. Plate tectonics and the history of life in the oceans. Sci. Amer. 230 (April): 80-89.

Changes in Land Mass Topography

Chen-Fa et al., 1985. The Tectonic Evolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A Review, Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region, edited by A. Segnor: 415-470.

+ Cita, M.B., 1982. The Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean: a review. In, Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics, edited by H. Berkhemer and K. Hsu: 113-140.

*+ Colinvaux, P.A., 1964. The Environment of the Bering Land Bridge. Ecol. Mon. 34 (3): 297-329.

+ Frankel, H., 1984. Biogeography, Before and After the Rise of Seafloor Spreading. Stud. Hist. P. 15(2): 141-168.

Freelan, G.L. and R.S. Dietz, 1971. Plate Tectonics Evolution of the Carribean-Gulf of Mexico Region. Nature 232: 20-23.

Frutos, J. and A. Tobar, 1979. Evolution of the Southwestern Continental Margin of South America. Gondwana Geology. Papers presented at the 3rd Gondwana Symposium, Cranberry, Australia. National Universoty Press., Australia. pp. 565-578.

George, W., 1962. Animal Geography. Heinemann, London.

*+ Hsu, K.J., 1972. When the Mediterranean dried up. Scientific American 227 (6): 26-36.

Hsu, K.J., Montadert, L., Bernoulli, D., Cita, M.B., Erickson, A. History of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature (Lond.) Vol. I: 267 (5610), p. 399-403.

*+ Jablonski, D., 1980. Apparent versus real biotic effects of transgressions and regressions. Paleobiology, 6(4): 397-407.

+ Leith, W., 1985. A Mid-Mesozoic Extension Across Central Asia. Nature Vol. 313: 567-570.

+ Lenz, A.C., 1982. Ordovician to Devonian sea-level changes in western and northern Canada. Can. Jour. Earth Sci. 19 (10): 1919-1932.

Lisitzin, E., 1974. Sea-level Changes. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Olsen, S.J. et al., 1969. Paleoclimatology. Proc. N. Amer. Paleont. Conv. 322-408.

+ Ruddiman, W.F. and Kutchvbach, J.E., 1991. Plateau Uplift and Climate Change. Scientific American March:66-75.

Simpson, G.G., 1940. Antarctica as a Faunal Migration Route. Proc. 6th Pacif. Sci. Congr. 2: 755.

Glaciation

Booth, D.B., 1987. Timing and Process of Deglaciation Along the Southern Margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. In, the Geology of North Amercan. Geological Society of North America, vol K-3: 71-90.

Broecker, W.S., 1982. Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry. Prog. Oceanog. 11: 151-197.

Coleman, A.P., 1969. Ice Ages Recent and Ancient. AMS Press, New York.

*+ Covey, C., 1984. The Earth's orbit and the ice ages. Scientific American (February): 58-66.

Crowell, J.C., and Frakes, L.A., 1975. The Late Paleozoic Glaciations. In K.S.W. Campbell (ed.) Gondwana Geology. Papers presented at the 3rd Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, Australia. National University Press, Australia. pp. 313-331.

+ Duplessey, J.C., Delibrias, G., Turon, J.L., Pujol, C., and Dupart, J., 1981. Deglacial warming of the northeastern Atlantic ocean: Correlation with the paleoclimatic evolution of the European continent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 121-144.

Flint, R.F., 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York, Wiley.

+ Hansen, B.S. & Easterbrook, D.J., 1974. Stratigraphy and polynology of late quaternary sediments in the Puget Sound lowlands, Washington. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85: 587-602.

*+ Heusser, C.J., 1974. Vegetation and climate of the Southern Chilean Lake District during and since the last interglaciation. Quaternary Research 4: 290-315.

*+ Keller, B.M., 1973. Great Glaciations in the History of the Earth. Internat.Geology Rev.V.15: 1067-1074.

*+ Lindroth, C.H., 1971. Survival of animals and plants on ice-free refugia during the pleistocene glaciations. Endeavour 29 (108): 129-134.

Livingstone, D.A. Coast of North America and mean annual sunspot number. Fishery Bulletin 79 (4): 794-796.

+ Moore, T.C., Hutson, W.H., Kipp, N., Hays, J.D., Prell, W., Thompson, P., and Boden, 1981. The biological record of the ice-age ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 357-370.

+ Pedersen, T.F., 1983. Increased productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial maximum (19,000 to 14,000 yr B.P.). Geology 11: 16-19.

Prell, W.L., Huston, W.H., Williams, D.F., Be, A.W.H., Geitzenauer, K. and Molfino, B., 1980. Surface circulation of the Indian Ocean during the last glacial maximum approximately 18000 years before the present. Quat. Res. 14(3): 309-336.

+ Ruddiman, W.F., 1981. The North Atlantic ocean during the last deglaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 145-214.

Ruddiman, W.F., and McIntyre, A., 1981. Quaternary Research 16: 125-134.

*+ Saarnisto, M., 1974. The deglaciation history of the Lake Superior region and its climatic implications. Quat. Res. 4(3): 316-339.

Schultz, G., 1963. Glaciers and the Ice Age. In, Earth and its Inhabitants During the Pleistocene, Schultz, G. (ed.).

Turekian, H.K. (ed.), 1971. Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

+ White, S.E., and S. Valastro, 1984. Pleistocene Glaciation of Volcano Ajusco, Central Mexico, and Comparison with the Standard Mexican Glacial Sequence. Quatern. Res. 21: 21-35.

Glacial Relicts

*+ Aubry, M.P., 1983. Late Eocence to Early Oligocene Calcareous Nanooplankton Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. AAPG. Bull. 67(3): 415.

*+ Buffetaut, E., and R. Ingavat, 1983. The Mesozoic Vertebrates of Thailand. Scientific American (April), 1983.

Burns, J.A., 1980. The brown lemming Lemmus-sibiricus Rodentia, Arvicolidae in the late pleistocene of Alberta, Canada and its postglacial dispersal. Can. J. Zool. 58(8): 1507-1511.

Coope, G.R., 1979. The Carabidae of the glacial refuge in the British Isles and their contribution to the post glacial colonization of Scandinavia and the North Atlantic islands. In, Carabid beetles: Their evolution, natural history, and classification: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium of Carabidology, Washington, D.C., USA, Aug. 21, 23, and 25, 1976. Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R., (ed.): 407-424.

Dadswell, Michael J., 1974. Distribution, ecology and postglacial dispersal of certain crustaceans and fishes in eastern North America. Publications in Zoology, No. 11, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

+ Emerson, W.E., G.L. Kennedy, J.F. Wehmiller, and E. Keenan (1981). Age Relations and Zoogeographic Implications of Late Pleistocene Marine Invertebrate Faunas from Turtle Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The Nautilus 95(3): 105-116.

*+ Guilday, J.E., 1962. Pleistocene zoogeography of the Lemming, Dicrostonyx. Evolution 17: 194-197.

+ Hansen, B.S., and Easterbrook, D.J., 1974. Stratigraphy and Palynology of late Quaternary sediments in the Puget lowland, Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85: 587-602.

Hollam, A., 1983. Patterns of Speciation in Jurassic Gryphae. Paleobiol. 8(4): 354-366.

+ Kitching, J.W., Collinson, J.W., Elliot, D.H., and E.H. Colbert, 1972. Lystrosaurus Zone (Triassic) Fauna from Antarctica. Science 175: 524-527.

+ Larkin, P.A., 1948. Pontoporeia and Mysis in Athabasca, Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 78: 1-33.

+ Laubacher, G., A.I. Boucet, and J. Gray, 1982. Additions to Silurian Stratigraphy Lithofacies, Biogeography and Paleontology of Bolivia and Southern Peru. J. Paleontol. 56(5): 1138-1170.

*+ Lindroth, C.H., 1971. Survival of animals and plants on ice-free refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations. Endeavour 29 (108): 129-134.

+ McCoy, E.D., and J.R. Rey, 1983. Area-Related Species Richness: The Uses of Ecological and Paleontological Data. Am. Naturalist 122(4): 567-569.

Marshall, J.F., Thom, B.G., 1976. The Sea Level in the Last Interglacial. Nature (Lond.). Vol. 263: p. 120-121.

Moodie, G.E.E., Reimchen, T.E., 1976. Glacial refugia, endemism and stickleback populations of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Can. Field. Nat. 90(4), p. 471-474.

+ Poore, R.Z., 1982. Late Miocene Biogeography and Paleoclimatology of the Central North-Atlantic. Mar. Micropo. 6(5-6): 599-616.

+ Poore, R.Z., L. Tauxe, S.F. Percival, and J.L. Labrecgu, 1982. Late Eocene-Oligocene Magnetostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy at South-Atlantic DSDP Site 522. Geology 10 (10): 508-511.

+ Ricker, K.E., 1959. The origin of two glacial relict crustaceans in North America, as related to Pleistocene glaciation. Can. J. Zool. 37: 871-891.

Segerstrale, S.G., 1957. On the immigration of the glacial relicts of Northern Europe, with remarks on their prehistory. Commentat. Biol. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 16.

+ Segerstrale, S.G., 1962. The immigration and prehistory of the glacial relicts of Eurasia and North America: a survey and discussion of modern views. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 47: 1-25.

Segerstrale, S.G., 1966. Adaptational problems involved in the history of the glacial relicts of Eurasia and North America. Rev. Roum. Biol. Ser. Zool. 11: 59-66.

Segerstrale, S.G., 1971. The zoogeographic problem involved in the presence of the glacial relict Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea Amphipoda) in Lake Washington, U.S.A. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28: 1331-1334.

Segerstrale, S.G., 1976. Pro glacial lakes and the dispersal of glacial relicts. Commentat. Biol. Soc. Sci. Fenn. Vol. I: 83, p. 1-15.

Segerstrale, S.G., 1982. The Immigration of Glacial Relicts into Northern Europe in Light of Recent Geological Research. Fennia 160, pp 303-312.

*+ Vidal, G., 1984. The Oldest Eukaryotic Cells. Scientific American (February), 1984.

Wang, Y., A.J. Boucet, J.Y. Rong, and X.C. Yang, 1984. Silurian and Devonian Biogeography of China. Geol. S.Am. B. 95(13): 265-279.

+ Ward, P., 1983. The Extinction of the Ammonites. Scientific American (October), 1983.

Climate

Ahrens, D.C., 1991. Meteorology Today (4th edition). West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn.

Bradley, R.S. (Editor), 1989. Global Changes of the Past. UCAR/Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, Boulder, Colorado. 514 pages.

Brooks, C.E.P., 1922. The Evolution of Climate . Benn Brothers Limited, London.

Cocks, L.M.R., 1981. The Evolving Earth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

*+ Covey, C., 1984. The Earth's Orbit and the Ice Ages. Scientific American (February), 1984.

Crowley, T.J. and North, G.R., 1991. Palaeoclimatology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp.212-236.

Frakes, L.A., 1979. Climates Throughout Geological Time. Amsterdam Elsevier, 310 pages.

Hallam, A., 1982. The Jurassic climate. In, Studies in Geophysics: Climate in History. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press. pp. 159-163.

Hambry, M.J. and W.B. Haland, 1981. The Evolution of Climate. In, The Evolving Earth, edited by L.R.M. Cocks. British Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge.

Hay, W.W., Behensky Jr. J.F., Barron, E.J., and Sloan II, J.L., 1982. Late Triassic-Jurassic Palaeoclimatology of the Proto-Central North Atlantic Rift System,. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 40: 13-30.

Henderson-Sellers, A. and Robinson, P.J., 1986. Contemporary Climatology. Longman Scientific & Technical, xvi + 439 pp.

*+ Heusser, C.J., 1974. Vegetation and climate of the southern Chilean lake district during and since the last interglaciation. Quat. Res. 4: 290-315.

*+ Hutchins, L.W., 1947. The base for temperature zonation in geographical distribution. Ecological Monographs 17: 325-335.

Johnson, S.E. II, 1975. Micro climate and energy flow in the marine rocky intertidal. Gates, David M. and Rudolf, B. Schmerl (ed.). Ecological studies. Analysis and synthesis, Vol. 12, Perspectives of Biophysical ecology. Symposium Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A., Aug. 20-24, 1973. XIII + 609 p. Maps. Springer-Verlag: New York, N.Y., U.S.A.; Heidelberg, West Germany. ISBN 0-387-06743-4; ISBN 3-540-06743-4.

King, L.C., 1961. The Palaeoclimatology of the Gondwanaland During the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras. In, Descriptive Palaeoclimatology edited by A.E.M. Nairn: 307-331.

Krausel, R., 1961. Palaeobotanical Evidence of Climate. In: Descriptive Palaeoclimatology , edited by A.E.M. Nairn:227-251.

Lester, P.F., 1975. A case study of the Alberta Chinook. Presented at the ninth annual meeting of the Canadian Meteorological society Vancouver, B.C. on May 28-30.

+ Loutit, T.S., and Kennett, J.P>, 1980. Late Miocene Paleoclimatology in the subantarctic water mass, Southwest Pacific, Antarctic Journal (1980 Review).

Miller, A., 1966. Meteorology. Charles Merrel Publ. Co.

Nairn, A.E., 1961. Descriptive Palaeoclimatology, Interscience Publishers, New York.

+ Poore, R.Z., 1981. Late Miocene biogeography and paleoclimatology of the Central North Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology 6: 599-616.

+ Ruddiman, W.F. and Kutchvbach, J.E., 1991. Plateau Uplift and Climate Change. Scientific American March:66-75.

Sahni, A and V. Kunov, 1974. Paleocene Palaeobiogeography of Indian Subcontinent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 15.

Schwarzbach, M., 1961. The Climate History of Europe and North America. In, Descriptive Palaeoclimatology, edited by A.E.M. Nairn.

Schwarzbach, M., 1963. Climates of the Past. D.von Nostrand Co. Ltd., London.

*+ Siivonen, L., 1956. The correlation between the fluctuations of partridge and European hare populations and the climatic conditions of winters in South-West Finland during the last thirty years. Papers on Game Research (Finland) 17: 2-30.

+ Smith, W.M., 1975. Micro climatic influences on ground temperatures and perma frost distribution MacKenzie Delta, Northwest-Territories, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 12(8), p. 1421-1438.

*+ Southward, A.J., Butler, E.I., Pennycuick, L. Recent cyclic changes in climate and in abundance of marine life. Nature (Lond.). 5494: 714-717.

Suvonen, L., 1956. The Correlation Between the Fluctuations of Partridge and European Hare Populations and the Climatic Conditions of Winters in Southwest Finland During the Last Thirty Years. Published by the Finnish Game Foundation.

Tucker, M.E. and Benton, M.J., 1982. Triassic Environment, Climates and Reptile Evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 40: 361-379.

+ Valentine, J.W., 1984. Neogene Marine Climate Trends: Implications for Biogeography and Evolution of the Shallow Sea Biota. Geology 12(11): 647-650.

Van Zinder Bakker Sr. E.M., 1977. Late-Mesozoic and Tertiary Palaeoenvironments of the Sahara Region. In, Antarctic Glacial History and World Palaeoenrvironments, edited by E.M. Van Zinder Bakker : 115-135.

Walter, H., 1973. Vegetation and the Earth in Relation to Climate and the Eco-physiological Conditions. English Univ. Press Ltd., London.

Wyman, R.L. (Editor), 1991. Global Climate Change and Life on Earth. Routledge, Chapman and Hall, N.Y. xxi + 282 pages.

Ecology and Biogeography

Allee, W.C. et al., 1949. Principles of Animal Ecology, Saunders, Philadelphia & London.

Andrewartha, H.G. & Birch, L.C., 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.

+ Boucot, A.J., 1974. Silurian and Devonian Biogeography. Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality, Ed. C.A. Ross: 165-175.

Buckley, R., 1983. Biogeography of Mangroves on Northern Great Barrier Reef Islands. B. Marin. Sci. 33(3): 767-776.

Colbert, E.H., 1991. Evolution of Vertebrates: A History of the Backbone Animals Through Time. Wiley-Liss Inc.. pp. 130-135.

Cox, C.B., Healey, I.N. & Moore, P.D., 1973. Biogeography, An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Blackwells, Oxford.

*+ Diamond, J.M., 1982. The biogeography of the Pacific basin. Nature 298 (5875): 604-605.

+ Durden, C.J., 1974. Biomerization: An ecologic theory of provincial differentiation. In, Paleographic Provinces and Provinciality, Ed. C.A. Ross: 18-53.

George, W., 1962. Animal Geography. Heinemann, London.

*+ Gordon, W.A., 1974. Physical controls on marine biotic distribution in the Jurassic period. In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality, edited by C.A. Ross: 136-147.

+ Hayward, P.J., 1983. Biogeography of Adeonella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): A Preliminary Account. B. Marin. Sci. 33(3): 582-596.

Hesse, R. et al. Ecological Animal Geography. New York.

+ Riebesell, J.F., 1982. Arctic-Alpine Plants on Mountain Tops: Agreement with Island Biogeography Theory. Am. Natural. 119(5): 657-674.

Riley, D. & Young, A., 1968. World Vegetation. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Sugden, A.M., 1982. The Ecological, Geographic, and Taxanomic Relationships of the Flora of an Isolated Columbian Cloud Forest, with Some Implications for Island Biogeography. J. Ann. Arbor. 63(1): 31-61.

Takhtajan, A., 1969. Flowering Plants. Origins and Dispersal. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.

Wallace, A.R., 1876. Geographical Distribution of Animals. London.

Biogeographic Regions and Realms

* Burkill, I.H., 1943. The biogeographic division of the Indo-Australian Archipelago - A history of the divisions that have been proposed. Proc. Linn. Soc. London. 154: 127-138.

+ Schmidt, K.P., 1954. Faunal Realms, Regions and Provinces. Quart. Rev. Biol. 29: 322-331.

*+ Scrivenor, J.B., 1941-42. A discussion on the biogeographic division of the Indo-Australian archipelago, with criticism of the Wallace and Weber lines and of any other diving lines and with an attempt to obtain uniformity in the names used for the divisions. Proc. Linn. Soc., 154 (session): 120-161.

+ Simpson, B.B., 1983. Distributional Patterns. Science 222 (4620): 157-158.

Distribution of Marine Organisms

+ Aubry, M.P., 1983. Late Eocene to early Oligocene calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and biogeography. AAPG Bulletin 67 (3): 415.

Bilyard, G.R., and Carey, A.G. Jr., 1980. Zoogeography of western Beaufort Sea, Alaska, USA polychaeta annelida. Sarsia 65(1): 19-26.

Bouchet, P. and Waren, A., 1979. The abyssal molluscan fauna of the Norwegian Sea and its relation to other faunas. Sarsia 64(3): 211-243.

+ Boureau, E., 1979. Plate tectonic and evolutive biogeography: distribution of retoplumidae meroplanktonic crabs. Crustacea brachyura, from the Cenozoic proto Atlantic to the actual Indo Pacific (Comptes rendus). Academie du Paris, series D: Natural Sciences 289 (3): 1-8.

Brauer, R. (ed.), 1972. Barobiology and the Experimental Biology of the Deep Sea. Univ. of North Carolina Press.

+ Browne, R.A., and MacDonald, G.H., 1982. Biogeography of the brine shrimp, Artemia: distribution of parthenogenetic and sexual populations. Journal of Biogeography 9: 331-338.

Carter, J.C.H., Dadswell, M.J., Roff, J.C., Sprules, W.G., 1980. Distribution and zoogeography of planktonic crustaceans and dipterans in glaciated eastern North Amer. Can. J. Zool. 58(7): 1355-1387.

* Connell, J., 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus. Ecol. 42: 133.

Costlow, J.D., C.G. Bookhout, R. Monroe, 1960. The effect of salinity and temperature on larval development of Sesarma cinereum (Bosc) reared in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Wood Hole, 118: 183.

Costlow, J.D., C.G. Bookhout, R. Monroe, 1962. Salinity-temperature effects on the larval development of the crab, Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, reared in the laboratory. Physiol. Zool., 35: 79.

Counts, C.L. III, 1981. Corbicula fluminea on the Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland, USA. Veliger, 24(2): 187-188.

+ Dawson, W.C., and Reaser, D.F., 1980. Rhizocorallium in the upper Austin Chalk: Ellis County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 32 (3): 207-214.

Dickinson, J.J., and Wigley, R.L., 1981. Distribution of Gammaridean Amphipoda Crustacea on Georges Bank, North Atlantic. NOAA Tech. Rept., NMFS SSRF, 1981(746): 1-25.

*+ Doty, M.S., 1946. Critical tide factors that are correlated with the vertical distribution of marine algae and other organisms along the Pacific coast. Ecol., 27: 315.

Emmerson, W.K., 1980. Invertebrate faunules of late pleistocene age with zoogeographic implications from Turtle Bay, Baja-California-Sur Mexico. Nautilus, 94(2): 67-89.

*+ Emmerson, W.K., Kennedy, G.L., Wehmiller, J.F., and Keenan, E., 1981. Age relations and zoogeographic implications of late pleistocene marine invertebrate faunas from Turtle Bay, Baja-California-Sur Mexico. Nautilus, 95(3): 105-116.

*+ Gordon, W.A., 1974. Physical controls on marine biota distribution in the Jurassic Period. In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality (ed. C.A. Ross): 136-148.

+ Grigg, R.W., 1976. Present knowledge of the systematics and zoogeography of the order Gorgonacea in Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 30: 167-175.

Grigg, R.W., 1981. Acropora in Hawaii, USA. 2. Zoogeography. Pac. Sci. 35(1): 15-24.

Gunter, G., 1956. Some relations of faunal distribution to salinity in estuarine waters. Ecol., 37: 616.

Gunter, G., 1961. Some relations of estuarine organisms to salinity. Limn. and Ocy., 6: 182.

+ Hallam, A., 1982. Patterns of speciation in Jurassic Gryphaea. Paleobiology 8 (4): 354-366.

+ Hallam, A., 1983. Early and mid-Jurassic molluscan biogeography and the establishment of the central Atlantic seaway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 43 (3-4): 181-193.

Hardin, G., 1960. The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 131: 1292.

+ Hartman, M.J., and Zahary, R.G., 1983. Biogeography of protected rocky intertidal communities of the northeastern Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science 33 (3): 729-735.

+ Hayward, P.J., 1983. Biogeography of Adeonella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): a preliminary account. Bulletin of Marine Science 33 (3): 582-596.

+ Hutchins, L.W., 1947. The bases for temperature zonation in geographical distribution. Ecol. Monogr., 17: 325.

* Kinne, O., 1970. Marine Ecology. Wiley-Interscience.

Lauer, G.J., 1969. Osmotic regulation of Tanypus nubifer, Chironomus plumosus and Enallagma clausum in various concentrations of saline lake water. Physiol. Zool., 42: 381.

Lawson, T.J., 1977. Community interaction and zoogeography of the Indian Ocean Candaciidae (Copepoda: Calanoida). Mar. Bio. 42: 71-92.

+ Love, M.S.,1981. A correlation between annual catches of Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, along the West coast of North America and mean annual sunspot number. Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 79, No.4, 1981.

+ Mackie, G.O., 1962. Factors affecting the distribution of Velella (Chondrophora). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 47(1).

+ Marshall, S.M. and A.P. Orr, 1927. The relation of the plankton to some chemical and physical factors in the Clyde Sea area. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., U.K. 14: 837.

+ McGhee, G.R., and Sutton, R.G., 1981. Late Devonian marine ecology and zoogeography of the central Appalachian and New York. Lethaia 14: 27-43.

+ Norse, E.A., 1977. Aspects of the zoogeographic distribution of callinectes (Brachyura: Portunidae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 27(3): 440-447.

Odum, E.P., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. (Chapters 5, 11, 12, 13, 14).

+ Park, T., 1954. Experimental studies of interspecific competition. II. Temperature, humidity and competition on two species of Tribolium. Physiol. Zool., 27: 177.

Pickard, G.L., 1972. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press.

Quinn, J.F. Jr., 1979. Biological results of the Univ. of Miami deep sea expeditions 130. The systematics and zoogeography of the gastropod family Trochidae collected in the straits of Florida, USA and its approaches. Malacologia 19(1): 1-62.

Reaka, M.L., 1980. Geographic range, life history patterns and body size in a guild of coral dwelling mantis shrimps. Evol. 34(5): 1019-1030.

+ Reyment, R.A., 1980. Paleo-oceanology and paleobiogeography of the Cretaceous South Atlantic ocean. Oceanol. Acta. 3 (1): 127-133.

+ Rose, R., 1980. The zoogeography of thirty New South Wales opisthobranchs in relation to their larval development. Malacological Society of Australia, Journal 4 (4): 240-241.

Savage, N.M., Perry, D.G. and Boucot, A.J., 1979. A quantitative analysis of lower devonian brachiopod distribution. Proceedings of the Annual Bio. Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 169-200.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1964. Feeding habits and growth in the mud-snail Vassarius obsoletus. Chesapeake Sci. 5(4): 161-166.

Schram, F.R., 1981. Late Paleozoic crustacean communities. J. Paleont. 55(1): 126-137.

+ Schram, F.R., 1977. Paleozoogeography of late paleozoic and triassic malacostraca. Syst. Zool. 26: 367-379.

+ Stanley, S.M. and Campbell, L.D., 1981. Neogene mass extinction of western Atlantic molluscs. Nature (Lond.), 293(5832), Oct. 1981: 457-459.

Vinogradova, N.G., 1979. The geographical distribution of the abyssal fauna in relation to the vertical zonation of the ocean. Sarsia 64(1-2): 41-50.

+ Wilson, G.D., 1980. New insights into the colonization of the deep sea: systematics and zoogeography of the Munnidae and Pleurogoniidae comb. nov. (Isopoda; Janiroidea). Journal of Natural History 14 (2): 215-236.

Zinsmeister, W.J., 1979. Biogeographic significance of the late mesozoic and early tertiary molluscan faunas of Seymour Island, Antarctic peninsula, to the final breakup of Gondwanaland. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 349-356.

+ Zinmeister, W.J., 1980. Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary molluscan biogeography of the southern circum-Pacific. Journal of Paleontology 56 (1): 84-102.

+ Zinmeister, W.J., 1980. Late Eocene Struthiolardiidae (mollusca: gastropoda) from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula and their significance to the biogeography of early Tertiary shallow-water faunas of the southern hemisphere. Journal of Paleontology 54 (1): 1-14.

Factors Governing The Distribution of Animals

Bary, B. McK., 1963. Distribution of Atlantic pelagic organisms in relation to surface water bodies. Roy. Soc. Canada, Spec. Publ. No. 5 (Marine Distributions), M.J. Dunbar (ed.).

+ Bates, M., 1944. Observations on the distribution of diurnal mosquitoes in a tropical forest. Ecol., 25: 159.

* Berggren, W.A., Hollister, C.D., 1974. Paleogeography, paleobiogeography and the history of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Hay, William W. (ed.). Society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists. Special publication, No. 20. Studies in Paleooceanography. Symposium Houston, Tex., U.S.A. March 30, 1971. III + 218 p. Illus. Maps. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: Tulsa, Okla., U.S.A.

Beven, S., E.F. Connor, and K. Beven, 1984. Avian Biogeography in the Amazon Basin and the Biological Model of Diversification. J. Biogeogr. 11(5): 383-399.

* Blondel, J., 1983. Biogeography of Bird Communities at Different Levels of Perception - From Theory to Practice. Act. Oec. - Gen. 4(1): 89-110.

+ Brown, K.S. Jr., 1982. Historical and ecological factors in the biogeography of aposematic neotropical butterflies. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 453-471.

Chaote, J.R., Engstrom, M.D., and Wilhelm, R.B., 1979. Historical biogeography of the least weasel Mustelaminalis campestris in Kansas, USA. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 82(4): 231-234.

*+ Cracraft, J., 1980. Biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in the southwest Pacific. Palaeogeography 31(2-4): 353-370.

Cutler, E.B., and Doble, K., 1979. North Carolina, USA, continental slope zoogeographical barrier. Deep-sea Research, 26(7A): 851-853.

Dahl, J.F., 1981. Biogeography and phylogeny of lemur in the north of their geographic range. Amer. J. Phys. Anthro. 54(2): 213.

*+ Davis, G.M., 1982. Historical and ecological factors in the evolution, adaptive radiation, and biogeography of freshwater molluscs. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 375-396.

Dietz, R.S., 1962. The sea's deep scattering layers. Sci. Amer., August 1962.

+ Domning, D.P., 1982. Evolution of Manatees: A speculative history. Journal of Paleontology 56 (3): 599-619.

+ Doty, M.S., 1946. Critical tide factors that are correlated with the vertical distribution of marine algae and other organisms along the Pacific coast. Ecology 27 (4): 315-328.

Douglas, R.G., 1977. Climate and evolution in foraminifera. J. Paleontol. Vol. 51 (2 suppl. part 3), p. 9.

+ Edmunds, G.F. Jr., 1982. Historical and life history factors in the biogeography of mayflies. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 371-374.

Ekman, S., 1953. Zoogeography of the Seas. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.

Eldredge, N. and Ormiston, A.R., 1979. Biogeography of Silurian and Devonian trilobites of the malvinokaffric realm. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 147-168.

*+ Endler, J.A., 1982. Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factors in biogeography. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 441-452.

Fager, E.W. and McGowan, J.A., 1963. Zooplankton species groups in the North Pacific. Science 140: 453-460.

Fisher, R.M. and Myres, M.T., 1980. A review of factors influencing extralimital occurrences of Clarks nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana in Canada. Can. Field Nat. 94(1):43-51.

+ Fordyce, R.E., 1977. The development of the circumantarctic current and the evolution of the Mysticeti Mammalia Cetacea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. Vol. 21(4): 265-272.

+ Hallam, A., 1983. Early and Mid-Jurassic Molluscan Biogeography and the Establishment of the Central Atlantic Seaway. Palaeogeo. P. 43(3-4): 181-193.

Hecht, A.D., 1976. Paleoclimatic significance of morphological variation in species and phenotypes of planktonic foraminifera. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 60(4): 678.

*+ Heyer, W.R., and Maxson, L.R., 1982. Neotropical frog biogeography: Paradigms and problems. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 397-410.

+ Howarth, F.G., 1979. The zoogeography of specialized cave animals. a bioclimatic model. Evolution, 34(2): 394-406.

+ Kohn, A.J., 1983. Marine Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropical Pacific: Zoological Perspectives. B. Marin. Sci. 33(3): 528-535.

+ Kohn, A.J., 1983. Microhabitat Factors Affecting Abundance and Diversity of Conus and Coral Reefs. Oecologia 60(3): 293-301.

+ Marshall, S.M., and Orr, A.P., 1927. The relation of the plankton to some chemical and physical factors in the Clyde Sea area. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., U.K.; New Series 14 (4): 837-869.

Marshall, N.B., 1954. Aspects of Deep Sea Biology. Philos. Library, Inc.

+ Martin, J.L., 1984. Island biogeography of Corsican birds: Some trends. Holarctic Ecology 7(2):211-217.

+ Newell, N.D., 1963. Crises in the History of Life. Scientific American (208), 1963.

* Olson, E.C., 1979. Biological and physical factors in the dispersal of permo carboniferous terrestrial vertebrates. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 227-238.

+ Park, T., 1954. Experimental studies of interspecies competition II. temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of tribilium. Physiological Zoology 27 (3): 177-237.

Ruddiman, W.F., Glover, L.K., 1975. Subpolar North Atlantic circulation at 9300 years B.P. Faunal evidence. Wuat. Res. (N.Y.). 5(3), 361-389.

*+ Russell, D.A., 1982. The Mass Extinctions of the Late Mesozoic. Scientific American (January), 1982.

Shuntov, V.P., and Kirlan, D.F., 1981. Geographical distribution of sea birds in connection with zonality of oceanological environments in the Southern ocean. (In translation, Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 7 (6): 342-350). Biologiya Morya 7 (6): 342-350.

+ Stanley, S.M., 1984. Mass Extinctions in the Ocean. Scientific American (June), 1984.

Sverdrup, H.U., Johnson, M.W. and Fleming, R.H., 1942. The Oceans - Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

+ Terashita, T., Oda, K., Kono, M., and Murao, S., 1985. Purification and some properties of metal proteinases from Lentinus edodes. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49 (8): 2293-2300.

* Thorson, G., 1957. Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf). Chapter 17. In, Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 67, J. Hedgpeth (ed.).

Vincent, E., 1976. Planktonic foraminifera sediments and oceanography of the late Quaternary southwest Indian Ocean. Allan Hancock Monogr. Mar. Biol. (9): 1-235.

Dispersal - General

+ Anderson, N.H. & Lehmkuhl, D.M., 1968. Catastrophic drift of insects in a woodland stream. Ecology 49: 198-206.

+ Ball, E. & Glucksman, J., 1975. Biological colonization of Motmot, a recently-created tropical island. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 190: 421-442.

Brok, T.D., 1973. Primary colonization of Surtsey, with special reference to the Blue-green algae. Oikos 24: 239-243.

+ Burkill, I.H., 1943. The biogeographic division of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. 2. A history of the divisions which have been proposed. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 154: 127-138.

Cameron, A.W., 1962. Mammalian dispersal in relation to an artificial land bridge. Can. Field. Nat. 76: 142-146.

Carlquist, S., 1965. Island Life. Natural History Press, New York.

Carlquist, S., 1974. Island Biology. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

Carter, R.N., Prince, S.D., 1981. Epidemic models used to explain biogeographical distribution limits. Nature 293(5834): 644-645.

Clark, D.A., Clark, D.B., 1981. Effects of seed dispersal by animals on the regeneration of Bursera graveolens Burseraceae on Santa-Fe Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. Oecologia 49(1): 73-75.

* Darvesky, I.S., Kupriyanova, L.A., and Uzzel, T., 198(?). Parthenogenesis in reptiles. In, A Brief Survey of the Known Cases of Parthenogenisis, edited by (?): 411-526.

Dodson, F.S., 1981. An experimental examination of an artificial dispersal sink. J. Mamm. 62(1): 74-81.

Einarsson, E., 1968. Comparative ecology of colonizing species of vascular plants. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 4: 9-21.

* Elton, C.S., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen, London.

Fridriksson, S., 1970. The colonization of vascular plants on Surtsey in 1968. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 5: 10-14.

Fridriksson, S., 1970. Records of drifted plant parts on Surtsey in 1968. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 5: 15-17.

Fridriksson, S., 1970. Seed dispersal by snow buntings in 1968. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 5: 18-19.

Fridriksson, S. et al., 1972. Vascular plants in Surtsey 1969. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 6: 30-33.

Fridriksson, S. & Johnsen, B., 1968. The colonization of vascular plants on Surtsey in 1967. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 4: 31-38.

Fridriksson, S. & Johnsen, B., 1968. Records of drifted plant parts on Surtsey 1967. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 4: 39-41.

Fridriksson, S. & Sigurdsson, H., 1968. Dispersal of seeds by snow buntings to Surtsey in 1967. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 4: 43-49.

Fridriksson, S. et al., 1972. Vegetation on Surtsey - summer 1970. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rept. 6: 54-59.

+ Gaines, M.S. & McClenaghan, L.R., 1980. Dispersal in small mammals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Syst. 11 (5): 163-196.

*+ Holzapfel, E.P. & Harrell, J.C., 1968. Transoceanic dispersal studies of insects. Pacif. Ins. 10: 115-153.

Horn, H.S., 1981. Some theories about dispersal. In, Ecology of Animal Movement, Oxford Press, Swingland, I.R., and Greenwood, P.J. (ed.).

Johnson, C.G. & Bowden, J., 1974. Problems related to the transoceanic transport of insects, especially between the Amazon and Congo areas. 207-222.

Kielan-Jaworowska, K. and Sloan, R.E., 1979. Catopsalis multituberculata from Asia and North Amer. and the problem of taeniolabidid dispersal in the late Cretaceous. 24(2): 187-198.

+ Kurten, Bjorn, 1963. Notes on some Pleistocene mammal migrations from the Palaearctic to the Nearctic. In, Selected Readings in Mammalogy, edited by J.K. Jones et. al.: 563-544.

+ Laird, M., 1951. Insects collected from aircraft arriving in New Zealand from abroad. Zool. Publ. Victoria Univ. Coll. N.Z. No. 11.

* Levison, M., Ward, R.G. & Webb, J.W., 1973. The Settlement of Polynesia: a Computer Simulation. Univ. Minn. Press.

Levison, M., Ward, R.G. & Webb, J.W., 1973. The Settlement of Polynesia: a report on a computer simulation. Arch. Phys. Anth. Ocean. 7: 234-245.

* Lindroth, C.H., 1957. The Faunal Connections Between Europe and North America. Wiley, New York.

Mayr, E., 1944. Wallace's Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Wyart. Rev. Biol. 19: 1-14.

McClure, H.E., 1974. Migration and Survival of the Birds of Asia. Applied Science Res. Corp., Bangkok.

+ McCoy, E.D., and Heck, K.L., 1983. Centers of origin revisited. Paleobiology 9 (1): 17-19.

+ McGowran, B., 1973. Rifting and drift of Australia and the migration of mammals. Science 180: 759-761.

McGugan, B.M. & Coppel, H.C., 1962. Biological control of forest insects - 1910-1958. Tech. Comm. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control 2: 35-216.

McLeod, J.H., 1962. Biological control of pests of crops, fruit trees, ornamentals, and weeds in Canada up to 1959. Tech. Comm. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control 2: 1-33.

+ Marshall, L.G., Butler, R.F., Drake, R.E., Curtis, G.H., and Tedford, R.H., 1979. Calibration of the great American Interchange. Science 20 (April 20): 272-279.

*+ Pandey, K.K., 1979. Long distance dispersal and self incompatibility. New Zealand J. of Botany 17(2): 225-226.

+ Peake, J.F., 1981. The land snails of islands, a dispersalist's viewpoint. In, The Evolving Biosphere: Chance, Change and Challenge, Forey, P.L. (ed.), p. 247-263. Cambridge Univ. Press, N.Y.

Petrinovich, L., Patterson, T. and Baptista, L.F., 1981. Song dialects as barriers to dispersal - a reevaluation. Evolution, 35(1): 180-188.

Simpson, G.G., 1939. Antarctica as a faunal migration route. Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association 2: 755-768.

Soper, F.L. & Wilson, D.B., 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brasil 1930 to 1940. Rockefeller Foundation, New York.

+ Taylor, J.M., Calaby, J.H., and Smith, S.C., 1983. Native Rattus, land bridges, and the Australian region. J. Mamm. 64 (3): 463-475.

Thorton, T., 1971. Darwin's Islands. Natural History Press, New York.

Waters, T.F., 1965. Interpretation of invertebrate drift in streams. Ecology 46: 327-334.

+ Waters, T.F., 1972. The drift of stream insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 17: 253-272.

Aerial Dispersal

Bruneay de Mire, P., 1979. Trans Atlantic dispersal: several examples of colonization of the Gulf of Biafra by middle American stocks of Carabidae. In, Carabid beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History, and Classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R., (ed.). p. 327-330. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

* Broady, P.A., 1979. Wind dispersal of terrestrial algae at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Br. Antarctic Survey Bull. (48): 99-102.

Cheng, L. and Birch, M.C., 1978. Insect flotsam: an unstudied marine resource. Ecol. Ent., 3: 87-97.

Close, R.C. and Tomlinson, A.I., 1975. Dispersal of the grain aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi from Australia to New Zealand. New Zealand Ent., 6: 62-65.

+ Dingle, H., 1972. Migration strategies of insects. Science 175 (March 24): 1327-1335.

Dingle, H. (ed.), 1978. Evolution of insect migration and diapause. Springer-Verlag.

Edgell, M.C.R., 1984. Trans-hemispheric movements of Holarctic Anatidae: The Eurasion wigeon (Anas penelope L.) in North America. Journal of Biogeography 11: 27-39.

Gurney, A.B., 1953. Grasshopper glacier of Montana. Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst. 1952: 305-325.

*+ Holdren, C.E. and Ehrlich, P.R., 1981. Long-range dispersal in checkerspot butterflies: transplant experiments with Euphydryas gillettii. Oecologia (Berl.) 50(1): 125-129.

+ Holzapfel, E.P., and Harrel, J.C., 1968. Transoceanic dispersal studies of insects. Pacific Insects 10 (1): 115-153.

* Johnson, C.G., 1969. Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. Methuen, London.

+ Johnson, C.G., 1965. A functional system of adaptive dispersal by flight. Ann. Rev. Ent. 11: 233-260.

+ Johnson, C.G., and Penman, H.L., 1951. Relationship of Aphid density to altitude. Nature 168 (4269): 337-338.

Kaisila, J., 1952. Insects on Arctic mountain snow. Ann. Ent. Penn. 18: 8-25.

+ Laird, M., 1951. Insects collected from aircraft arriving in New Zealand from abroad. Zoology Publications, Victoria University College (11): 1-30.

+ Leston, D., 1957. Spread potential and the colonisation of islands. Syst. Zool. 6: 41-46.

Medler, J.T., 1962. Long-range displacement of Homoptera in the central United States. Proc. XI Int. Congr. Ent. 3: 30-35.

Rainey, R.C., 1976. Flight behavior and features of the atmospheric environment. In, Insect Flight, Rainey, R.C. (ed.), Symp. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 7: 75-112.

Rainey, R.C., 1978. The evolution and ecology of flight: The "Oceanographic" approach, pp. 33-48 in Dingle (ed.) Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause. Spring-Verlag.

Scudder, G.G.E., 1963. Heteroptera stranded at high altitudes in the Pacific Northwest. Proc. Ent. Soc. B.C. 60: 41-44.

+ Scudder, G.G.E., 1968. Air-borne Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) trapped over the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, with the description of a new species. Pacific Ins. 10 (1): 155-160.

+ Siefke, A., 1981. Dispersal and site tenacity of the white stork Ciconia ciconia according to ringing results from East Germany. Zoolog. Jahr., Abt. Syst. Oekol. and Geog. der Tiere, 108(1): 15-35.

Southwood, T.R.E., 1960. The flight activity of Heteroptera. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. 112: 173-220.

+ Taylor, L.R., 1958. Aphid dispersal and diurnal periodicity. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 169: 67-73.

Taylor, L.R., 1960. Mortality and viability of insect migrants high in the air. Nature, Lond. 186: 410.

Thornton, I.W.B., New. T.R., McLaren, D.A., Suderman, H.K. and Vaughan, P.J., 1988. Air-borne arthropod fall-out on Anak Krakatau and a possible pre-vegetation pioneer community. Phil Trans. R. Soc.London (B) 322: 471-479.

Marine Dispersal

Arnaud, F., Arnaud, P.M., Intes, A., le Loeuff, P., 1976. Transport of benthic invertebrates between South Africa and St. Helena Island by Laminarians phaeophyceae. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Ecol. Gen., 30: 49-55.

+ Browne, R.A., and G.H. MacDonald, 1982. Biogeography of the Brine Shrimp Artemia: Distribution of Parthogenetic and Sexual Populations. J. Biogeogr. 9(4): 331-338.

Cifelli, R., 1979. The role of circulation in the parcelling and dispersal of North Atlantic planktonic foraminifera. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 417-426.

Davies, R.W., 1979. Dispersion of fresh water leeches Hirudinoidea to Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Can. Field Nat. 93(3): 310-313.

Ebermann, E., 1980. Zoogeography, taxonomy and larval development of some scutacarid species from North America, Acari trombidiformes. Zoolog. Anzeiger-cisti. 205(1-2): 123-135.

* Hansen, B.S., 1980. Influence of larval dispersal and geographic distribution on species longevity in neogastropods. Paleobiology 6(2): 193-207.

Hedges, J.I., Parker, P.L., 1976. Land derived organic matter in surface sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 40(9): 1019-1029.

+ Lambert, R., and Epifano, C.E., 1982. A comparison of dispersal strategies in two genera of Brachyuran crabs in a secondary estuary. Estuaries 5 (3): 182-188.

+ MacKie, G.O., 1962. Factors affecting the distribution of Velella (Chondrophora). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 47 (1): 26-32.

Markarov, R.R., and Maslennikov, V.V., 1980. Distribution and age composition of larvae of the Euphausiid Thysanoess (Macrura) in relation to hydrological conditions in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic. Biol. Morya (Vladivost.), (4): 8-17. (In Russian).

Medcof, J.C., 1974. Living marine animals in a ship's ballast water. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. Vol. 65, p. 11-12.

+ Morse, D.E., Hooker, N., Duncan, H., and Jensen, L., 1979. (g-Aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter, induces planktonic abalone larvae to settle and begin metamorphosis. Science 204 (April 27): 407-410.

Mortensen, T., 1921. Studies of the Development and Larval Forms of Echinoderms. Gad. Kobenhavn (Copenhagen). 266 pp.

*+ Peake, J.F., 1981. The land snails of islands: a dispersalist's viewpoint. In, The Evolving Biosphere: Chance, Change and Challenge. Forey, P.L. (ed.), 247-264. Cambridge Univ. Press, N.Y.

Phillips, B.F., Brown, P.A., Rimmer, D.W., and Reid, D.D., 1979. Distribution and dispersal of the phyllosoma larvae of the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Aust. J. Mar. and Freshwater Res., 30(6): 773-784.

Reaka, M.L., and Manning, R.B., 1981. The behavior of stomatopod crustacea and its relationship to rates of evolution. J. Crust. Biol. 1(3): 309-327.

+ Rose, R., 1980. The zoogeography of 30 N.S.W. Australia opisthobranchs in relation to their larval development. Symp. on the Biology and Evolution of Mollusca, Sydney, Aust., May 1979. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. 4(4): 240-241.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1956. The effect of substrate on the length of planktonic existence in Nassarius obsoletus. Biol. Bull., 111: 312.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1961. Metamorphosis of the veliger larvae of Nassarius obsoletus (Gastropoda) in response to bottom sediment. Biol. Bull., 120: 92.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1962. Pelagic larvae of New England intertidal gastropods I. Nassartius obsoletus Say and Nassartius vibex Say. Trans. of Amer. Micros. Soc., 81(1): 1-11.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1964. Feeding habits and growth in the mud-snail Vassarius obsoletus. Chesapeake Science 5(4): 161-164.

+ Scheltema, R.S., and Scheltema, A.H., 1965. Pelagic larvae of New England Intertidal Gastropods. Int. Reveu ges. Hydrobiol., 25 (3-4): 321-329.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1968. Dispersal of larvae by equatorial ocean currents and its importance to the zoogeography of shoal-water tropical species. Nature, 217: 1159.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1971. Dispersal of phytoplanktotrophic shipworm larvae (Bivavlvia: Teredinidae) over long distances by ocean currents. Marine Biol. 11: 5-11.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1971. Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water benthic marine gastropods. Biol. Bull., 140: 284-322.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1972. Eastward and westward dispersal across the tropical Atlantic Ocean of larvae belonging to the Genus Bursa (Prosobranchia, Mesogastropoda, Bursidae). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 57(6): 863-873.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1977. Dispersal of marine invertebrate organisms - paleobiogeographic and biostratigraphic implications. Kauffman, Erle G. and Joseph E. Hazel (eds.). Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy. XIII + 658 p. Illus. Maps. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.: Stroudsburg, Pa., USA (Dist. by Academic Press: New York, N.Y., USA).

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1978. On the relationship between dispersal of pelagic veliger larvae and the evolution of marine prosobranch gastropods. In, Marine Organisms, edited by B. Battaglia and J.A. Beardmore (reprint): 303-322.

Scheltema, R.S., 1979. Dispersal of pelagic larvae and the zoogeography of tertiary marine benthic gastropods. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium (Oregon State Univ.), 1979: 391-398.

+ Scheltema, R.S. and I.P. Williams, 1983. Long-distance dispersal of planktonic larvae and the biogeography and evolution of some Polynesian and Western Pacific molluscs. B. Marin. Sci. 33(3): 545-565.

+ Stock, Jan H., 1981. L'origine geologique des iles des Indes occidentales en relation avec la dispersion de quelques Malacostraces stygobiontes. Geobios 14 (2): 219-227.

+ Thorson, G., 1950. Reproduction and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Revs., 25: 1-45.

Wilson, J.B., Holme, N.A., Barrett, R.L., 1977. Population dispersal in the Brittle-star Ophiocomina nigra Echinodermata Ophiuroidea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 57(2): 405-439.

Zinsmeister, W.J. and Emerson, W.K., 1979. The role of passive dispersal in the distribution of Hemipelagic invertebrates with examples from the tropical Pacific Ocean. Veliger 22(1): 32-40.

Colonization

+ Ayal, Y. and Safriel, U.N., 1983. Does a suitable habitat guarantee successful colonization? Journal of Biogeography 10: 37-46.

Baker, H.G. & Stebbins, G.L. (ed.), 1965. Genetics of Colonising Species. Academic Press, New York.

+ Ball, E., and Glucksman, J., 1975. Biological colonization of Motmot, a recently-created tropical island. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 190: 421-442.

+ Brock, T.D., 1973. Primary colonization of Surtsey, with special reference to the blue-green algae. Oikos 24: 239-243.

+ Chalmer, P.N., 1982. Settlement patterns of species in a marine fouling community and some mechanics of succession. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. 58: 73-85.

Doyle, R.W., 1975. Settlement of planktonic larvae. A theory of habitat selection in varying environments. Am. Nat., 109: 113-126.

+ Edwards, A., and Lubbock, R., 1983. Marine zoogeography of St. Paul's Rocks. Journal of Biogeography 10: 65-72.

Elton, C., 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen, London.

+ Force, D.C., 1967. Genetics in the colonization of natural enemies for biological control. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: 722-729.

Grant, P.R., 1980. Colonization of Atlantic Islands by Chaffinches, Fringilla ssp. Bonn. Zoolog. Beirt., 31(3-4): 311-318.

Hockin, D.C., and Ollason, J.G., 1981. The colonization of artificially isolated volumes of intertidal estuarine sand by harpacticoid copepods. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 53(1): 9-30.

+ Johnson, S.R. & Cowan, I. McT., 1974. Thermal adaptations as a factor affecting colonizing success of introduced Sturnidae (Aves) in North America. Can. J. Zool. 52: 1559-1576.

MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press.

+ McCoy, E.D., and Rey, J.R., 1983. Area-related species richness: the uses of ecological and paleontological data. American Naturalist 122 (4): 567-569.

+ Morse, D.E., Hooker, N., Duncan, H., and Jensen, L., 1979. (g-Aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter, induces planktonic abalone larvae to settle and begin metamorphosis. Science, 204: 407-410.

+ Pratt, T.K., 1982. Biogeography of birds in New Guinea. In, Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, edited by W. Junk. Monographiae Biologicae 42: 815-836.

Remington, C.L., 1968. The population genetics of insect introduction. Ann. Rev. Ent. 13: 415-426.

+ Remington, C.L., 1968. Suture zones of hybird interaction between recently joined biotas. Evolutionary Biology 2: 321-383.

Safriel, U.N. and Ritte, U., 1980. Criteria for the identification of potential colonizers. Bio. J. Linn. Soc. 13(4): 287-298.

Savage, J.M., 1973. Geographic distribution of frogs: patterns and predictions. In, Vial, J.L. (ed.) Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans. Univ. Missouri Press: 351-445.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1956. The effect of substrate on the planktonic existence in Nassarius obsoleta. Biol. Bull. III: 312.

+ Scheltema, R.S., 1961. Metamorphosis of the veliger larvae of Nassarius obsoletus (Gastropoda) in response to bottom sediment. Biol. Bull., 120: 92-109.

Schoener, A., 1974. Experimental zoogeography, colonization of marine mini islands. Am. Nat., 108: 715-738.

+ Schoener, T.W., 1968. The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49: 704-726.

+ Siefke, Von A., 1981. Dismigration and Orstereue beim Weibstorch (Ciconia ciconia) nach Beringungsergebnissen aus der DDR. [Dispersal and site-tenacity of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) according to ringing results from the GDR.] Zool. Jb. Syst. 108 (1): 15-35.

+ Simberloff, D.S. & Wilson, E.O., 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. Ecology 50: 278-296.

Simpson, G.G., 1965. The Geography of Evolution. Chilton Books, Philadelphia & New York.

Surtsey Research Progress Reports, IV - VI, 1968-1972. Surtsey Research Society, Reykjavik.

+ Sutherland, J.P., 1978. Functional roles of Schizoporella and Styela in the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecology, 59 (2): 257-264.

+ Thorson, G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Revs., 25: 1-45.

+ Williams, E.E., 1969. The ecology of colonization as seen in the zoogeography of anoline lizards on small islands. Quart. Rev. Biol. 44: 345-389.

+ Wilson, E.O. & Simberloff, D.S., 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: defaunation and monitoring techniques. Ecology 50: 267-278.

+ Wilson, G.D., 1980. New insights into the colonization of the deep sea. Systematics and zoogeography of the Munnidae and Pleurogoniidae new combination Isopoda Janiroidea. J. Nat. Hist. 14(2): 215-236.

Island Biogeography

+ Buckley, R., 1982. The habitat-unit model of island biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 9: 339-344.

Buckley, R., 1983. Biogeography of Mangroves on Northern Great Barrier Reef islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 33 (3): 767-776.

+ Cole, B.J., 1980. Colonizing abilities, island size, and the number of species on archipelagoes. Amer. Nat. 117(5): 629-638.

+ Diamond, J.M., 1969. Avifaunal equilibria and species turnover rates on the Channel Islands of California. Nat. Acad. Sci., Proc. 64: 57-63.

+ Diamond, J.M., 1973. Distributional ecology of New Guinea birds. Science 179: 759-769.

+ Diamond, J.M., 1974. Colonization of exploded volcanic island by birds: The supertramp strategy. Science 184 (May): 803-806.

+ Diamond, J.M., 1981. Effect of species pool size on species occurrence frequencies: Musical chairs on islands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79: 2420-2424.

+ Fooden, J., 1973. Rifting and drift of Australia and the migration of mammals. Science (180): 759-761.

Gilpin, M.E. and Diamond, J.M., 1981. Immigration and extinction probabilities for individual species, relation to incidence functions and species colonization curves. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 78(1): 392-396.

*+ Grant, P.R., and Abbott, I., 1980. Interspecific competition, island biogeography and null hypotheses. Evolution 34(2): 332-341.

+ Hedges, S.B., 1983. Caribbean Biogeography: Implications of Recent Plate Tectonic Studies. System Zoolog. 31(4): 518-522.

+ Iliffe, T.M., C.W. Hart, and R.B. Manning (1983). Biogeography and the Caves of Bermuda. Nature 302(5904): 141-142.

Jarvinen, O. and Ulfstrand, S., 1980. Species turnover of a continental bird fauna, northern Europe 1850-1970. Oecologia 46(2): 186-195.

+ Johnson, M.P. and P. Raven, 1973. Species number and endemism: the Galapagos Archipelago revisited. Science 179: 893-895.

+ Johnson, D.L., 1980. Problems in the land vertebrate zoogeography of certain islands and the swimming power of elephants. Journal of Biogeography 7: 383-398.

+ Kohn, a.J., 1983. Marine biogeography and evolution in the tropical Pacific: zoological perspectives. Bulletin of Marine Science 33 (3): 528-535.

+ Kohn, A.J., 1983. Microhabitat factors affecting abundance and diversity of Conus on coral reefs. Oceologia 60: 293-301.

+ Koopman, K.F., 1979. Zoogeography of mammals from islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea. American Museum of Natural History Novitates (2690): 1-17.

Lack, D., 1976. Island Biology. Studies in Ecology, Vol. 3, Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 445 pp.

Leston, D., 1957. Spread potential and the colonisation of islands. Systematic Zoology 6: 41-46.

+ Lomolinio, M.V., 1984. Mammalian Island Biogeography: Effects of Area, Isolation, and Vagility. Oecologia 61(3): 376-382.

Lynch, J.F. and N.K. Johnson, 1974. Turnover and equilibria in insular avifaunas, with special reference to the California Channel Islands. Condor 76(4): 370-384.

+ MacFadden, B., 1980. Rafting mammals or drifting islands? Biogeography of the Greater Antillean insectivores Nesophontes and Solendon. Journal of Biogeography 7: 11-22.

+ Martin, J.L., 1984. Island Biogeography of Corsican Birds: Some Trends. Holarc. Ecol. 7(2): 211-217.

+ Martin, T.E., 1981. Species-area slopes and coefficients: a caution in their interpretation. Amer. Nat. 118(6): 823-837.

+ McCoy, E.D., 1983. The Application of Island Biogeographic Theory to Patches of Habitat: How Much land is Enough. Biol. Conser. 25(1): 53-61.

+ Nellis, D.W., L. Norton, and W.P. Maclean, 1983. On the Biogeography of the Virgin Islands Boa, Epicrates Monensis Granti. J. Herpetol. 17(4): 417-419.

+ Peake, J.F., 1981. The land snails of islands - a dispersalist's viewpoint. In, The Evolving Biosphere: Chance, Change and Challenge, edited by P.O. Forey: 247-263.

Picton, H., and Mackie, R.J., 1980. Single species island biogeography and Montana, USA mule deer. Bio. Conserv. 19(1): 41-50.

* Rey, J.R., and McCoy, E.D., 1979. Application of island biogeographic theory to pests of cultivated crops. Environ. Ent., 8(4): 577-582.

+ Reyment, R.A., 1983. Palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on Mediterranean islands. Oikos 41: 299-306.

+ Ricklefs, R.E. and G.W. Cox, 1972. Taxon cycles in the West Indian avifauna. Am. Nat. 106 (948): 195-219.

+ Riebesell, J.F., 1982. Arctic-alpine plants on mountaintops: agreement with island biogeography theory. American Naturalist 119 (5): 657-674.

+ Schoener, T.W., 1968. Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49 (4): 704-726.

+ Simberloff, D.S., 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: A model for insular colonization. Ecology, 50(2): 296-314.

+ Simberloff, D.S., and Wilson, E.O., 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty islands. Ecology 50 (2): 278-296.

+ Simberloff, D.S., 1974. Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. and Syst. 5: 161-182.

Simberloff, D., 1976. Experimental zoogeography of islands: Effects of island size. Ecology 57(4): 629-642.

+ Stock, Jan H., 1981. L'origine geologique des iles des Indes occidentales en relation avec la dispersion de quelques Malacostraces stygobiontes. Geobios 14 (2): 219-227.

*+ Strong, D.R. Jr., and Rey, J.R., 1982. Testing for MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium with the arthropods of the mininature Spartina archipelago at Oyster Bay, Florida. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 355-360.

+ Tallamy, D.W. 1983. Equilibrium biogeography and its application to insect host-parasite systems. American Naturalist 121 (2): 244-254.

Temple, S.A., 1981. Applied island biogeography and the conservation of endangered island birds in the Indian Ocean. Biol. Conserv. 20(2): 147-162.

+ Williams, E.E., 1969. The ecology of colonization as seen in the zoogeography of Anoline lizards on small islands. The Quarterly Review of Biology 44 (4): 345-389.

+ Wilson, E.O., and Simberloff, D.S., 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: defaunation and monitoring techniques. Ecology 50 (2): 267-279.

Wright, S.J., 1981. Intraarchipelago vertebrate distributions: the slope of the species-area relation. Amer. Nature 118(5): 726-748.

+ Wright, S.J. and Beihl, C.C., 1982. Island biogeographic distributions: testing for random, regular and aggregated patterns of species occurrence. Amer. Nat. 119(3): 345-357.

Freshwater and Canals

Agur, Z., and Safried, U.N., 1981. Why is the Mediterranean more readily colonized than the Red Sea, by organisms using the Suez Canal as Passageway? Oecologia. 49(3): 359-361.

+ Aron, W.I. and S.H. Smith, 1971. Ship canals and aquatic ecosystems. Science 174 (4004): 13-20.

+ Ben-Yami, M. and T. Glaser, 1974. The invasion of Saurida undosquamis (Richardson) into the Levant Basin - An example of biological effect of interocean canals. Fishery Bull. 72(2): 359-373.

+ Davis, G.M., 1982. Historical and Ecological Factors in the Evolution, Adaptive Radiation, and Biogeography of Freshwater Mollusks. Am. Zoolog. 22(2): 375-395.

Gunter, G., 1979. Marine fishes of Panama as related to the canal. Gulf Research Reports, 6(3): 267-274.

+ Jones, M.L. and Rutzler, K., 1975. Invertebrates of the upper chamber Gatun Locks, Panama Canal with emphasis on Trochospongilla leidii Porifera. Mar. Biol., 33(1): 57-66.

+ McCosker, J.E. and C.E. Dawson, 1975. Biotic passage through the Panama Canal, with particular reference to fishes. Marine Biol. 30: 343-351.

+ Miracle, M.R., 1982. Biogeography of the Freshwater Zooplanktonic Communities of Spain. J. Biogeogr. 9(6): 455-467.

+ Por, F.D., 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal - a century of Lessepsian migration: Retrospect and viewpoints. Syst. Zool. 20: 138-159.

+ Rubinoff, I., 1970. The sea-level canal controversy. Biol. Conserv. 3(1): 33-36.

Fish and Distribution

+ Archibold, N.W., 1981. Fish Scales from the Permian of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 4 (part 1): 23-26.

Bohnsack, J.A. and Talbot, F.H., 1980. Species packing by reef fishes on Australian and Caribbean reefs: an experimental approach. Bull. of Marine Sci. 30(3): 710-723.

+ Gosline, W.A., 1974. A reexamination of the similarities between the freshwater fishes of Africa and South America. Proc. 17th Int. Cong. Zool., Theme: 1-11.

Hergenrader, G.L., 1980. Current distribution and potential for dispersal of white perch Morone americana in Nebraska and adjacent waters USA. Amer. Midl. Nat., 103(2): 404-406.

Hocutt, C.H. and Wiley, E.O., 1986. The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

+ Jiming, Y., 1982. The dominant fish fauna in the North Sea and its determination. J. Fish Biol. 20: 635-643.

+ Livingstone, D.A., Rowland, M., and Bailey, P.E., 1982. On the size of African riverine fish faunas. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 361-370.

Markle, D.F., Scott, W.B., and Kohler, A.C., 1980. New and rare records of Canadian fishes and the influence of hydrography on resident and non-resident Scotian shelf Ichthyofauna. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 37(1): 49-65.

+ McDowall, R.M., 1980. Freshwater fishes and plate tectonics in the southwest Pacific. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 31: 337-351.

+ Middleton, M.J., 1982. The oriental goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck and Schlegel), an introduced fish in the coastal waters of New South Wales, Australia. J. Fish. Biol. 21: 513-523.

Miller, R.R., 1965. Quaternary freshwater fishes of North America. In, H.E. Wright and D.G. Frey (eds.), The Quaternary of the United States: 569-581.

Morin, R., Dodson, J. and Power, G., 1980. Estuarine fish communities of the eastern James-Hudson Bay coast, Canada. Env. Biol. of Fishes, 5(2): 135-142.

+ Myers, G.S., 1937. Freshwater fishes and West Indian zoogeography. Smithsonian Rpts., 1937: 339-362.

Oliver, M.K., and McKaye, K.R., 1982. Floating islands: A means of fish dispersal in Lake Malawi, Africa. Copeia 4: 748-754.

+ Patterson, C., 1974. The distribution of mesozoic freshwater fishes. Proc. 17th Ont. Congr. Zool., Theme 1, 22 pp.

Patterson, C. The Distribution of Mesozoic Freshwater Fishes. British Museum (Natural History).

Patterson, C., 1981. The development of the North American fish fauna: a problem of historical biogeography. In, The Evolving Biosphere: Chance, Change and Challenge, Forey, P.O. (ed.): 265-281. Cambridge Univ. Press, N.Y.

+ Randall, J.E., 1981. Examples of antitropical and antiequatorial distribution of Indo-West-Pacific fishes. Pacific Science 35 (3): 197-209.

Warner, J.A. and Case, J.F., 1980. The zoogeography and dietary induction of bio luminescence in the midshipman fish Porichthys notatus. Bio. Bull. 159(1): 231-246.

Wen-Xuan et al., 1980. Origin and Evolution of Schzatheracine fishes in Relation to the Upheaval of the Quinghai-Xizang Plateau. Geological and Ecological Studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc.. pp. 1053-1060.

Wiley, E.O., 1976. The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellanous Publications No. 64

Winfield, I.J. and Nelson, J.S. (eds.), 1991. Cyprinid Fishes. Chapman and Hall, London.

Zoogeography of Insects & Terrestrial Animals

+ Acton, A.B. & Scudder, G.G.E., 1971. The zoogeography and races of Chironomus (=Tendipes) tentans Fab. Limnologica (Berlin) 8: 83-92.

+ Anderson, N.H., and Lehmkuhl, D.M., 1967. Catastrophic drift of insects in a woodland stream. Ecology 49 (2): 198-206.

+ Bates, M., 1944. Observations on the distribution of diurnal mosquitoes in a tropical forest. Ecology 25 (2): 159-170.

Bell, R.T., 1979. Zoogeography of Rhysodini, Do beetles travel on drift wood. In, Carabid Beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History, and Classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R. (eds.): 331-342. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

+ Bowie, J.Y., 1983. Endosymbionts of some New Zealand native millipedes and their biogeography in Eumastigonus species (Cambaldae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 10 (1): 127.

+ Brown, K.S., 1982. Historical and Ecological Factors in the Biogeography of Aposematic Neotropical Butterflies. Am. Zoolog. 22(2): 453-471.

+ Buckland, P.C., 1980. The early dispersal of insect pests of stored products as indicated by archaeological records. J. of Stored Products, 17(1): 1-12.

Cameron, P.J., Walker, G.P. and Allan, D.J., 1981. Establishment and dispersal of the introduced parasite Aphidius eadyi Hymenoptera Aphidiidae in the north island of New Zealand and its initial effect on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. New Zealand J. Zool., 8(1): 105-112.

Carter, J.c.H., Dadswell, M.J., Roff, J.C., and Sprules, W.g., 1980. Distribution and zoogeography of planktonic crustaceans and dipterans in glaciated eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58 (7): 1355-1387.

Coope, G.R., 1979. Late cenozoic fossil Coleoptera evolution biogeography and ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1979: 247-268.

Couper, R.A., 1960. Southern hemisphere mesozoic and tertiary Podocarpaceae and Fagaceae and their paleogeographic significance. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. (B) 152: 491-500.

+ Cox, B., 1988. Amphibians: Invaders of the Land. In, The Macmillian Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life, edited by D. Dixon, B. Cox, R.J.G. Savage, and B. Gardiner: 47-57.

Darlington, P.J. Jr., 1979. Existing trans tropical and southern pathways of dispersal for Carabidae. In, Carabid Beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History, and Classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R. (eds.). 343-348. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

+ Davis, G.M., 1982. Historical and ecological factors in the evolution, adaptive raqdiation, and biogeography of freshwater mollusks. American Zoologist 22 (2): 375-395.

+ Edmunds, G.E., 1982. Historical and Life-History Factors in the Biogeography of Mayflies. Am. Zoolog. 22(2): 371-374.

Erwin, L.J.M., 1979. Applications of computer techniques to the study of ground beetle natural history systematics and zoogeography. In, Carabid Beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R. (eds.). 595-598. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

+ Flannagan, J.F., and Cobb, D.G., 1983. New records of winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Manitoba with notes on their zoogeographical origins. The Canadian Entomologist 115: 673-677.

+ Froeschner, R.C., 1976. Zoogeography notes on the lace bug genus Acalypta Westwood in the Americas with description of a new species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 96: 257-269.

+ Gotwald, W.H., 1979. Phylogenetic Implications of army ant zoogeography (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Society of America 72 (4): 462-467.

+ Groves, J.D., 1983. Taxonomic status and zoogeography of the painted turtle Chrysemys picta (testudines: Emydidae), in Maryland. The American Midland Naturalist 109 (2): 274-279.

Hallam, A., 1973. Distributional Patterns in Contemporary Terrestrial and Marine Animals. In: Special Papers in Palaeontology No. 12: Organisms and Continents Through TIme, edited by N.F. Hughes. pp. 93-105.

+ Heyer, W.R., and L.R. Maxson, 1982. Neotropical Frog Biogeography: Paradigms and Problems. Am. Zoolog. 22 (2): 397-410.

+ Holdren, C.E., and Ehrlich, P.R., 1981. Long range dispersal in Checkerspot butterflies: Transplant experiments with Euphydryas gillettii. Oecologia 50 (1): 125-129.

*+ Jansson, A., 1979. Postglacial distributional history of the water boatman Arctocorisa carinata Heteroptera Corixidae. Entomol. Gen. 6(2-4): 235-245.

+ Johnson, C.G., 1951. Relationship of aphid density to altitude. Nature: 337-338.

Kurosawa, Y., 1980. The effect of the Kuroshio current on the distribution of the Japanese Leaf-mining Buprestid Beetles. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus. Dec. 1980. #13.

Lindroth, C.H., 1979. Europe and the circum polar area events and personalities. In, Carabid Beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R. (eds.). 9-16. W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

MacVean, C. and Schuster, J.C., 1981. Altitudinal distribution of passalid beetles, Coleoptera passalidae, and pleistocene dispersal on the volcanic chain of northern central America. Biotropica 13(1): 29-38.

+ Miracle, M.R., 1982. Biogeography of freshwater zooplanktonic communities of Spain. Journal of Biogeography 9: 455-467.

+ Odendall, F.J., and Bull, C.M., 1983. Water movements, tadpole competition and limits to the distribution of the frogs Ranidella riparia and R. sinifera. Oecologia 57: 361-367.

+ Roth, R.R., 1976. Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology 57: 773-782.

+ Schlinger, E.I., 1974. Continental drift, Nothofagus, and some ecologically associated insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 19: 323-343.

Scudder, G.G.E., 1962. Results of the Royal Society Expedition to Southern Chile, 1958-59: Lygaeidae (Hemiptera), with the description of a new subfamily. Canad. Ent. 94: 1064-1075.

* Scudder, G.G.E., 1982. Factors governing the distribution of two closely related corixids in the saline lakes of British Columbia. Hydrobiologia 105: 143-154.

Slater, J.A., 1979. The systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Blissinae of the world, Hemiptera, Geteroptera Lygaeidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 165(1): 1-174.

Stewart, K.W., and Lindsey, C.C., 1963. Postglacial dispersal of lower vertebrates in the Lake Agassiz region. In, Glacial Lake Agassiz, edited by J.T. Teller and L. Clayton, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26: 391-419.

Steinmann, H., 1978. Zoogeographical dispersity of Carcinophoridae dermaptera. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 25(1-3): 173-190.

Strenth, N.E., 1976. A review of the systematics and zoogeography of the freshwater species of Palaemonetes Heller of North America (Crustacea: Decapoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 228: 1-27.

Taylor, J.M., 1979. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals of British Columbia. Manuscript report, University of British Columbia.

+ Tedford, R.H., 1974. Marsupials and the new paleogeography. In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality, edited by C.A. Ross: 109-126.

Winterbourn, M.J., 1980. The fresh water insects of Australiasia and their affinities. Palaeogeography 31(2-4): 235-250.

Distribution of Vertebrates and Man

+ Armstong, Patrick, 1982. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on islands: a case-study of successful colonization. Journal of Biogeography 9: 353-362.

+ Azzaroli, A., 1981. Cainozoic mammals and the biogeography of the island of Sardinia, Western Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 36: 107-111.

+ Azzaroli, A., 1983. Quaternary mammals and the "End-Villafranchian" dispersal event - A turning point in the history of Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 44: 117-139.

Beven, S., Connor, E., and Beven, K., 1984. Avian biogeography in the Amazon basin and the biological model of diversification. Journal of Biogeography 11: 389-399.

Bond, J., 1979. Derivations of lesser Antillean birds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 131(0): 89-103.

+ Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1983. The Mesozoic Vertebrates of Thailand. Scientific American (April): 80-87.

+ Bunnell, F.L., and Harestad, A.S., 1983. Dispersal and dispersion of Black-tailed deer: Models and observations. Journal of Mammalogy 64 (2): 201-209.

Chapman, C.A., 1983. Speciation of tropical rainforest primates of Africa: insular biogeography. Afr. J. Ecol. 21: 297-308.

+ Chatterjee, S., 1983. An Ictidosaur fossil from North America. Science 220 (4602): 1151-1153.

+ Clemens, W.A., 1981. Out with a whimper not a bang. Paleobiology 7 (3): 293-298.

+ Corbert, G.B., 1967. The influence of the Tethys on the pattern of distribution of Recent Mammals. In, Aspects of Tethyan Biogeography, edited by C.G. Adams and D.V. Ager. Systematics Association Publication no. 7: 325-344.

+ Cox, B., 1988. Amphibians: Invaders of the land. pp. 47-57.

+ Cracraft, J., 1974. Continental drift and vertebrate distribution. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 215-261.

+ Cracraft, J., 1980. Biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in the southwest Pacific. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 31 (2): 353-369.

Daams, R., Van De Weerd, A., 1980. Early pliocene small mammals from the Aegean island of Karpathos, Greece and their paleogeographic significance. Geologie En Mijnbouw 59(4): 327-332.

Darlington, P.J., 1965. Biogeography of the Southern End of the World. Harvard Univ. Press.

Estes, R., 1970. Origin of Recent North American Lower Vertebrate Fauna: An Inquiry into the Fossil Record. Forma et Funtio 3: 139-163.

Faaborg, J., 1979. Qualitative patterns of avian extinction on neotropical land bridge islands: lessons for conservation. J. Appl. Ecol. 16(1): 99-108.

+ Flessa, K.W., 1981. The regulation of mammalian faunal similarity among the continents. Journal of Biogeography 8: 427-437.

Herzog, P.W. and Kepple, D.M., 1980. Migration in a local population of spruce grouse Canachites canadensis. Condor 82(4): 366-372.

+ Howells, W.W., 1960. The distribution of man. Sci. Amer. The caves of Bermuda. Nature 302 (March 10): 141-142.

+ Kalb, J.E., Jolly, C., Oswald, E.B., and Whitehead, P.F., 1984. Early hominid habitation in Ethiopia. American Scientist 72 (2): 168-178.

Klein, R.G., 1980. Environmental and ecological implications of large mammals from upper pleistocene and holocene sites in southern Africa. Ann. S. Aft. Mus., 81(7): 223-283.

+ Koopman, K.F., 1979. Zoogeography of mammals from islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea. (2690): 3-17.

Laporte, L.F., and Zihlman, A.L., 1983. Plates, climate and homonoid evolution. South Afr. Journ. Sci. 79 (3): 96-110.

+ Lyman, R.L., and Livingston, S.D., 1983. Late Quaternary mammalian zoogeography of eastern Washington. Quaternary Research 20: 360-373.

MacFadden, B.J., 1980. The miocene horse Hipparion from North Amer. and from the type locality in southern France. Palaeontology 23(3): 617-635.

Madden, C.T., 1980. Systematic position of miocene Arabian hominid. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 52(2): 252.

Madden, C.T., 1981. Classification of East African miocene Proconsul and related genera. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 54(2): 248-249.

Marshall, L.G., 1979. Evolution of metatherian and eutherian mammalian characters: a review based on cladistic methodology. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 66(4): 369-410.

Martin, T.E., 1980. Diversity and abundance of spring migratory birds using habitat islands on the great plains, USA. Condor 82(4): 430-439.

McCutchen, H.E., 1981. Desert bighorn Ovis canadensis spp zoogeography and adaptation in relation to historic land use. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 9(3): 171-179.

McFarland, W. N., F.H. Pough, T.J. Cade and J.B. Heiser, 1985. Vertebrate Life. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.

+ Meggers, B.J., and Evans, C., 1966. A transpacific contact in 3000 B.C. Scientific American 214: 28-35.

+ Montgomery, G.C., Gale, N.B., and Murdoch, W.P., 1982. Have manatee entered the eastern Pacific Ocean? Mammalia 46 (2): 257-258.

* Nishiwaki, M., Kasuya, T., Miyazaki, N., Tobayama, T., and Kataoka, T., 1979. Present distribution of the Dugong Dugong dugong in the world. Sci. reports of the Whales Research Inst. (31): 133-141.

Norris, K.C., Gilmore, A.M., Menkgorst, P.W., 1979. Vertebrate fauna of South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, Melbourne, (40): 105-200.

Olson, T.R., 1981. Systematics and zoogeography of the Greater Galagos. Amer. J. of Physical Anthropology. 54(2):259.

Panchen, A.L., 1973. Carboniferous Tetrapods. In, Atlas of Paleobiogeography, edited by A. Hallam: 117-119. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co..

Parkes, K.C., 1958. The palaearctic element in the new world avifauna. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Publ. 51: 421-432.

+ Pilbeam, D., 1984. The Descent of Hominoids and Hominids. Scientific American (March): 84-96.

Price, L.W., 1981. Mountains and Man, University of Berkeley Press, California.

+ Remington, C.L., 1968. Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined biotas. Evol. Biol. 2: 321-428.

Richard, A.F., Goldstein, S.J., and Dewar, R.E., 1981. Primates as weeds - the implications for Macaque macaca spp evolution. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 54(2): 267.

+ Rodgers, W.a., Owen, C.F., and Homewood, K.M., 1982. Biogeography of east African forest mammals. Journal of Biogeography 9: 41-54.

Romer, A.S, 1961. Palaeozoological Evidence of Climate. (I) Vertebrates. In, Descriptive Palaeoclimatology, edited by A.E.M. Nairn: 187-201.

Romer, A.S., 1968. Notes and Comments on Vertebrates Palaeontology. The Univerity of Chicago Press. pp. 229-253.

Romer.A.S., 1973. Vertebrates and Continental Connections: An Introduciton. In,Implications of Continental Drift to the Earth Sciences edited by D.H. Tarling and S.K. Runcorn. Academic Press, London.

Rosenberger, A.L., 1979. Cranial anatomy and implications of Dolichocebus, a late oligocene ceboid primate. Nature 279(5712): 416-418.

+ Roth, R.R., 1976. Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology, 57: 773-782.

Rothstein, S.I., Verner, J., and Stevens, E., 1980. Range expansion and diurnal changes in dispersion of the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater in the Sierra Nevada California, U.S.A. Auk 97(2): 253-267.

Scientific American (Special Publications)
Early Man in America, 1973
Evolution and Fossil Record, 1978.

+ Smith, M.T., and Layton, R., 1989. Still human after all these years. The Sciences 29 (1): 10-12.

+ Thorson, R.M., Dixon, E.J., Smith, G.S., and Batten, A.R., 1981. Interstadial proboscidean from South-Central Alsaka: implications for biogeography, geology, and archeology. Quaternary Research 16: 404-417.

+ Woodburne, M.O., and MacFadden, B.J., 1983. A reappraisal of the systematics, biogeography, and evolution of fossil horses. Paleobiology 8 (4): 315-327.

+ Yalden, D.W., 1982. When did the mammal fauna of the British Isles arrive? Mammal Review 12 (1): 1-57.

Cladistics, Phylogenetics, etc.

* Amer. Zool., 1979. Symposium on contemporary methods in systematic parasitology. Amer. Zool. 19(4): 1185-1238.

+ Boucot, A.J., 1979. Cladistics: Is it really different from classical taxonomy? In, Phylogenetic analysis and Paleontology, edited by J. Cracraft and N. Eldredge: 200-210.

*+ Brooks, D.R., 1979. Testing the context and extent of host parasite coevolution. Syst. Zool., 28(3): 299-307.

Brooks, D.R., Thorson, I.B. and Mayes, M.A., 1981. Freshwater stingrays (Potamotsygonidae) and their helminth parasites: testing hypotheses of evolution and coevolution. In, Advances in Cladistics, Funk, V.A., and Brooks, D.R. (eds.). p. 147-175. N.Y. Botanical Garden, N.Y.

* Brundin, L.Z., 1981. Croizats pan biogeography vs. phylogenetic biogeography. In, Vicariance biogeography: A critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.). 94-138.

Burger, W.C., 1979. Cladistics - useful tool or rigid dogma? Taxon 28(4): 385-386.

Burgman, M.A., Crozier, R.H. and Taylor, R.W., 1980. Comparisons of different methods of determining affinities for 9 ant species of the genus Camponotus. Aust. J. Zool., 28(1): 151-160.

Calabrese, D.M., 1979. Comparison of cladistic and unweighted pair group methods of phylogenetic reconstruction as applied to 17 families of aquatic and semi aquatic heteroptera insecta. Amer. Zool. 19(3): 891.

Calabrese, D.M., 1980. Zoogeography and cladistic analysis of the Gerridae, Hemiptera, Heteroptera. Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11(5): 11-119.

*+ Chernoff, B., 1982. Character variation among populations and the analysis of biogeography. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 425-439.

+ Cracraft, J. 1983. A Non-Equilibrium Theory for the Rate-Control of Speciation and Extinction and the Origin of Macroevolutionary Patterns. Syst. Zoolog. 32(4): 348-365.

+ Cracraft, J., 1983. Cladistic Analysis and Vicariance Biogeography. Am. Scient. 71(3): 273-281.

*+ Cracraft, J., 1982. Geographic differentiation, cladistics, and vicariance biogeography: Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 411-424.

+ Cracraft, J., 1981. Pattern and Process in Paleobiology: The Role of cladistic Analysis in Systematic Paleontology. Paleobiol. 7(4): 456-458.

+ Cracraft, J., 1982. Phylogenetic Relationships and Hesperornithiform Birds, with Comments on the Early History of Birds. Syst. Zool. 31(1): 35-56.

* Cracraft, J., 1979. Phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary models and paleontology. In, Phylogenetic analysis and paleontology, Cracraft, J. and Eldredge, N. (eds.): 7-40.

+ Craw, R.C., 1984. Biogeography Principles. N.Z. Entomol. 8 (October): 49-51.

+ Craw, R.C., 1984. Panbiogeography and Vicariance Cladistics: Are they Truly Different. Syst. Zool. 32(4): 431-438.

+ Craw, R.C., 1984. Panbiogeography: A Progressive Research Program. Syst. Zool. 33(1): 1-13.

Creel, N. and Preuschoft, H., 1980. Phylogeny of extant and fossil hominoids on the basis of cranial morphology. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 52(2): 216.

+ Croizot, L., 1982. Vicariance, Vicarism, Panbiogeography, Vicariance, Biogeography, Etc.: A Clarification. Syst. Zool. 31(3): 291-304.

+ Dillon, R.T., 1984. Geographic distance, environmental difference, and divergence between isolated populations. Syst. Zool 33 (1): 69-82.

Eldredge, N., 1979. Cladism and common sense. In, Phylogenetic analysis and paleontology, Cracraft, J. and Eldredge, N. (eds.): 165-198.

*+ Endler, J.A., 1982. Alternative hypotheses in biogeography: Introduction and synopsis of the symposium. Amer. Zool. 22(2): 349-354.

* Erwin, T.L., 1981. Taxon pulses, vicariance and dispersal: an evolutionary synthesis illustrated by carabid beetles. In, Vicariance biogeography: a critique; Symposium of the Systematics Discussion Group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 159-183.

Erwin, T.L., 1979. The American connection past and present as a model blending dispersal and vicariance in the study of biogeography. In, Carabid beetles: Their evolution, natural history, and classification, Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., and Whitehead, D.R. (eds.): 355-368.

* Gaffney, E.S., 1979. An introduction to the logic of phylogeny reconstruction. In, Phylogenetic analysis and paleontology, Cracraft, J. and Eldredge, N. (eds.): 80-112.

* Gorman, G.C., Buth, D.G. and Wyles, J.S., 1980. Anolis lizards of the eastern Caribbean: a case study in evolution. 3. A cladistic analysis of albumin immunological data and the definition of species groups. Syst. Zool. 29(2): 143-158.

+ Gotwald, W.H. Jr., 1979. Phylogenetic implications of army ant zoogeography Hymenoptera Formicidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72(4): 462-467.

+ Grigg, R.W., and Bayer, F.M., 1976. Present knowledge of the systematics of zoogeography of the order Goronacae in Hawaii. Pacific Science 30 (2): 167-175.

* Haffer, J., 1981. Aspects of neotropical bird speciation during the Cenozoic. In, Vicariance biogeography: a critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 371-394.

Humphrier, C.J., 1981. Biogeographical methods and southern beeches (Fagaceae, Nothofagus). In, Advances in Cladistics, Funk, V.A. (ed.): 177-207.

+ Jarvinen, O., 1982. Species to Genus Ratio in Biogeography: A Historical Note. J. Biogeography 9(4): 363-370.

Klaver, C.J.J., 1981. Lung morphology in the Chamaeleonidae Saria and its bearing upon phylogeny systematics and zoogeography. Zeit. Zoolog. Syst. Evol., 19(1): 36-58.

Lagios, M.D., 1979. The coelacanth and the chondrichthyes as sister groups: a review of shared apomorph characters and cladistic analysis and reinterpretation. Occas. paps. Calif. Acad. Sci., 134: 25-44.

Landrum, L.R., 1981. The phylogeny and geography of Myrceugenia myrtaceae. Brittonia 33(1): 105-129.

Mathis, W.N., 1979. Studies of Ephydrinae: II phylogeny, classification, and zoogeography of the Neararctic. Smith. Contr. Zool. 295: 1-41.

Mayr, E., 1981. Biological classification toward a synthesis of opposing methodologies. Science, 214(4520): 510-516.

+ McCoy, E.D., and K.L. Heife, 1983. Centres of Origin Revisited. Paleobiol. 9(1): 17-19.

McHenry, H.M. and Corruccini, R.S., 1980. Miocene, pliocene, hominoids, phenetic and cladistic affinities. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 52(2): 251.

Meacham, C.A., 1981. A probability measure for character compatibility. Math. Biosci. 57(1-2): 1-18.

Mickevich, M.F., 1981. Quantitative phylogenetic biogeography. In, Advances in cladistics, Funk, V.A. (ed.): 209-222.

Morse, J.C., White, D.R. Jr., 1979. A technique for analysis of historical biogeography and other characters in comparative biology. Systematic Zoology 28(3): 356-365.

* Nelson, G., and Platnick, N., 1981. Systematics and biogeography, cladistics and vicariance. Nelson, G. and Platnick, N. (eds.). Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y.

* Nelson, G., and Rosen, D.E., 1981. Vicariance biogeography: a critique; symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson and Rosen (eds.).

Parenti, L.R., 1980. A phylogenetic analysis of the land plants. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 13(3): 225-242.

* Parenti, L.R., and Michevich, M.F., 1980. A cladistic approach to geographic variation among populations. Amer. Zool. 20(4): 782.

Patterson, C., 1981. Methods of Paleobiogeography. In, Vicariance biogeography: a critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 446-489.

Pexcador, M.G., and Peters, W.L., 1980. Phylogenetic relationships and zoogeography of cool adapted Leptophlebiidae Ephemeroptera in southern South America. In, Advances in Ephemeroptera biology: 3rd international conf., Winn., Manit., Canada, July 4-10, 1979. Flannagan, J.F., and Marshall, K.E. (eds.): 43-56.

+ Platnick, N.I., and G. Nelson, 1984. Composite Areas in Vicariance Biogeography. Syst. Zool. 33(3): 328-335.

Platnick, N.I., 1981. Widespread taxa and biogeographic congruence. In, Advances in cladistics, Funk, V.A. (ed.): 223-227.

+ Pregill, G.K., 1981. An appraisal of the vicariance hypothesis of Caribbean biogeography and its application to West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Syst. Zool. 30(2): 147-155.

Prud'Homme Van Reine, W.F., 1980. A cladistic phylogenetic system in the European Sphacel ariacea. Br. Phycol. J. 15(2): 198-199.

Scoble, M.J., 1980. Trifurcula new-record: a critical analysis of the genus, cladistic relationships and descriptions of 2 new species from South Africa Lepidoptera Nepticulidae. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 43(1): 139-150.

Shapiro, A.M., 1980. Physiological and developmental responses to photoperiod and temperature as data in phylogenetic and biogeographic inference. Syst. Zoo. 29(4): 335-341.

* Simberloff, D., Heck, K.L., McCoy, E.D. and Conner, E.F., 1981. There have been no statistical tests of cladistic biogeographical hypotheses. In, Vicariance biogeography: A critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 40-63.

Solem, A., 1981. Land snail biogeography: a true snails pace of change. In, Vicariance biogeography: A critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G. and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 197-221.

+ Thorington, R.W., 1984. Flying squirrels are monophyletic. Science 225 (September 7): 1048-1050.

* Udvardy, M.D.F., 1981. The riddle of dispersal theories and how they affect vicariance biogeography. In, Vicariance biogeography: A critique; Symposium of the systematics discussion group of the Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., May 2-4, 1979. Nelson, G., and Rosen, D.E. (eds.): 6-29.

Weygoldt, P., 1979. Cladistic vs. phenetic classification: an endless debate. Zeit. Zoolog. Syst. Evol., 17(4): 310-314.

Weygoldt, P. and Paulus, H.F., 1979. Morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chelicerata. 2. Cladograms and the development of the Chelicerata. Zeit. Zoolog. Syst. Evol., 17(3): 177-200.

Wheeler, Q.D., 1979. Revision and cladistics of the middle American genus Creagrophorus Coleoptera Leiodidae. Quaest. Entomol. 15(4): 447-478.

Wiley, E.O., 1981. Convex groups and consistent classifications. Syst. Bot. 6: 346-358.

Wiley, E.O., 1981. Phylogenetics: The theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. Wiley, E.O. (ed.). Wiley Interscience, N.Y.

Wiley, E.O., 1980. Phylogenetic systematics and vicariance biogeography. Syst. Bot. 5: 194-220.

+ Woodburn, M.O., and B.J. MacFadden, 1983. A Reappraisal of the Systematics, Biogeography and Evolution of Fossil Horses. Paleobiol. 8(4): 315-327.

Parasites

+ Bowie, J.Y., 1983. Endosymbionts of Some New Zealand Native Millipedes and Their Biogeography in Eumastigonus Species (Cambalidae). NZ J. Zoolog. 10(1): 127.

+ Brooks, D.R., 1979. Testing the context and extent of host-parasite coevolution. Systematic Zoology 28: 299-307.

*+ Chu, G.W.T., 1958. Pacific area distribution of fresh-water and marine Cercarial Dermatitis. Pac. Sci. 12: 299-312.

Darling, 1920. Distribution of Necator and Ancylostoma spp. found in Indians from Paraguay. J. Parasit., 12: 217.

+ Fishchthal, J.H., 1980. Some digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the Mediterranean coast of Israel and their zoogeography, especially those from Red Sea immigrant fishes. Zool. Scripta. 9(1): 11-23.

+ Kennedy, C.R., 1977. Distribution and zoogeographical characteristics of the parasite fauna of Char Salvelinus alpinus in Arctic Norway, including Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen Islands. Astarte 10: 49-55.

+ Lewis, A.G., 1969. Taxonomy and host associations of some parasitic copepods (Crustacea) from pelagic teleost fishes. Pac. Sci., 23: 414.

Manter, H.W., 1967. Possible source of Ancylostoma in Paraguayan Indians. J. Parasit., 53: 3.

+ Manter, H.W., 1967. Some aspects of the geographical distribution of parasites. The Journal of Parasitology 53 (1): 1-9.

+ Manter, H.W., 1955. Zoogeography of trematodes in marine fishes. Exp. Parasit., 4 (1): 62-86.

Meggers and Evans, 1966. Evidence of Japanese fishermen in Ecuador - ca. 3000 B.C. Sci. Amer., 214: 28.

Noble, E.R. and Noble, G.A., 1971. Parasitology. Lea & Febiger, N.Y.

Roback, S.S., Bereza, D.J., and Vidrine, M.F., 1979. Description of an Ablabesmyia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) symbiont of unionid fresh water mussels (Mullusca: Bivalvia: Unionacea) with notes on its biology and zoogeography. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 105(4): 577-620.

Sonenshine, D.E., 1979. Zoogeography of the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. In, Recent Advances in Acarology, Rodriguez, J.D. (ed.): 123-134.

Soper, F.L., 1927. Occurrence of Hookworm in Indians from Paraguay. Amer. Hygiene 7: 174.

Stunkard, H.W. and Hinchliffe, 1951. Life History of Austrobilharzia variglandis. J. Parasit., 38: 248.

Tollamy, D.W., 1983. Equilibrium Biogeography and its Application to Insect Host-Parasite Systems. Am. Natural. 121(2): 244-254.

Walters, L.L. and Smith, T.A., 1980. Bio ecological studies of Culex mosquitoes in a focus of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis, virus transmission new-river basin, Imperial Valley, California, USA. 1. Ecology larval and trends of adult dispersal. Mosquito News, 40(2): 227-235.

Miscellaneous Section

Abbot, D.H. and Hoffman. S.E. Archaean Plate Tectonics Revisited Part I.

+ Alvarez, Luis W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel H.V., 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208 (4448): 1095-1108.

+ Alvarez, W., Kauffman, E.G., Surlyk, F., Alvarez, L.W., Asaro, F., and Michel H.V., 1984. Impact theory of mass extinction and the invertebrate fossil record. Science 223 (4641): 1135-1141.

+ Archibald, J.D., and Clemens, W.A., 1982. Late Cretaceous extinctions. American Scientist 70: 377-385.

Ashmole, N.P., 1979. The spider fauna of Shetland, Scotland, UK and its zoogeographic context. Biol. 78(1-2): 63-122.

Baross, J.A., Hoffman, S.E., Corliss, J.B., Gordon, L.I., Lilley, M.D., 1980. Procaryotic Coelacanths: Tube-forming microorganisms from submarine hydrothermal environments. Spec. Publ. 80-8, School of Ocean., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

+ Bermingham, E., 1984. Historical Biogeography: A Molecular Approach Utilizing Restriction Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA. Am. Zoolog. 24(3): A82.

+ Bohor, B.F., Foord, E.E., Modreski, P.J., and Triplehorn, D.M., 1984. Mineralogical evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary. Science 224 (May): 867-869.

+ Bunnell, F.L. and Havestad, A.S. 1982. Dispersal and Dispersion of Black-Tailed Deer: Models and Observations. Journal of Mammology. Vol.64, No.2: 201-209.

+ Burgin, Toni, Rieppel, Olivier, Sander, P. Martin, and Tschanz, Karl. 1989. The Fossils of Monte San Giorgio. Scientific American. June: 74-81.

+ Cairns, John Jr. 1991. Probable Consequences of a cosmopolitan distribution. Speculations in Science and Technology. Vol. 14,No.1: 41-50.

Coady, J.W., 1980. History of moose Alces alces in northern Alaska, USA and adjacent regions. Can. Field Nat. 94(1): 61-68.

Corliss, J.B., Baross, J.A., and Hoffman, S.E., 1981. An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life on earth. Oceanol. Actual 1981: 59-69.

Cracraft, J., 1979. Rates of molecular evolution in birds. Amer. Zool. 19(3): 891.

Curry-Lindahl, K., 1980. Zoogeographic subregions of the Pacific realm as a background for terrestrial ecological reserves. 1. General introduction and northern and western Pacific regions. Env. Cons. 7(1): 67-76.

Curry-Lindahl, K., 1980. Zoogeographic subregions of the Pacific realm as a background for terrestrial ecological reserves. 2. Central and eastern regions with conclusions. Env. Cons. 7(2): 125-136.

+ Dawson, W.C. and Reaser, D.F., 1980. Rhizocorallium in the upper Austin Chalk: Ellis County, Texas. Texas J. of Sci. 32(3): 207-214.

+ Durden, C.J., 1974. Biomerization: An Ecologic Theory of Provincial Differentiation. In, Paleogeographic Provinces and Provinciality C.A. Ross (ed.): 109-127.

+ Edgell, Michael R. 1984. Trans-hemispheric movements of Holarctic Anatidae: the Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope L.) in North America. Journal of Biogeography 11: 27-39.

Fontaine, M.T., 1978. Contribution to the zoogeographical study of the Sambre-Et-Meuse district, Belgium, and particular study of a stream. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Belgique 108(3-4): 159-170.

+ Ganapathy, R. 1982. Evidence for a Major Meteorite Impact on the Earth 34 Million Years ago: Implication for Eocene Extinctions. Science, Vol.216: 885-886.

+ Gass, I.G.,1982. Ophiolites, Scientific American (August):108-117.

Gilpin, M.E., 1981. Peninsular diversity patterns. Amer. Nat. 118(2): 291-296.

* Goeden, G.B., 1979. Biogeographic theory as a management tool. Environ. Cons., 6(1): 27-32.

+ Hartman, M.J., 1983. Biogeography of Protected Rocky Intertidal Communites of the Northeastern Pacific. Bull. Marin. Sci. 33(3): 729-735.

+ Hays, J.D., 1971. Faunal extinctions and reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82: 2433-2477.

Holser, W.T., 1977. Catastrophic chemical events in the history of the ocean. Nature (Lond.), 267 (5610): 403-408.

+ Illiffe, T.M., Hart, C.W., and Manning, R.B., 1983. Biogeography and the caves of Bermuda. Nature 302 (5904): 141-142.

Ingmanson, D.E., Dowler, M.J., 1980. Unique amino acid composition of Red Sea brine. Nature 286 (July 3): 51-52.

Jorgensen, P.M., 1979. The phytogeographical relationships of the lichen flora of Tristan De Cunha, South Atlantic excluding Gough Island. Can. J. Bot., 57(20): 2279-2282.

+ Kauffman, E.G., 1977. Cretaceous extinction and collapse of marine trophic structure. J. Paleontol., 51 (2 suppl., part 3): 16.

+ Kazumi, Junko, Zorkin, Nicholas, Lewis, A.G. 1987. The Effect of Manganese-Copper Interactions on Growth of a Diatom in water from a Manganese rich British Columbia Fjord. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 25: 337-346.

Keeton, W.T. and Gould, C.G., 1986. Biological Science. W.W. Norton and Company. p.1012.

+ Kerr, R.A., 1982. An impact but no volcano. Science 224: 858.

Knudsen, J., 1979. Deep sea bivalves. In, Pathways in Malacology, Van Der Spoel, Van Bruggen and Lever (eds.). 195-224.

+ Krause, Edith Penner and Lewis, A.G. 1979. Onto Genetic Migration and the Distribution of Eucalanus bungi (Copepoda;Calanoida) in British Columbia inlets. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.15, No.11: 2211-2222.

Kugler, H.G., 1977. Jurassic to Recent Sedimentary Environment in Trinidad. Reprinted from Vereingung Schweiz. Petroleum-Geol. U. Inc. Bull. 20 (59), 1953, in West Indies Island Arcs, edited by Peter H. Mattson: 27-60. Dowden, Hutchison and Ross Inc.

Lai, H.C. and Fernando, C.H., 1980. Zoogeographical distribution of southeast Asian fresh water Calanoida. Hydrobiologia 74(1): 53-66.

+ Lander and Liem. Actinopterygian Interrelationships. Bulletin Museum of Comparitive Zoology. Vol.15, No.3: 96-187.

+ Laubacher, G., Boucot, A.J., and Gray, J., 1982. Additions to Silurian stratigraphy, lithofacies, biogeographies and paleontology of Bolivia and southern Peru. Journal of Paleontology 56 (5): 1138-1170.

+ Lewin, R., 1983. What killed the giant mammals? Science 221 (4615): 1036-1037.

+ Lewis, A.G. and Thomas, A.C. 1986. Tidal Transport of Planktonic Copepods across the sill of a British Columbia Fjord. Journal of Plankton Reasearch. Vol.8, No.6: 1079-1089.

+ Lloyd, Christopher R. 1982. The Mid-Cretaceous Earth: Paleogeography; Ocean Circulation and Temperature; Atmospheric Circulation. Journal of Geology. Vol. 90:393-413.

+ Luck, J.M., and Turekian, K.K., 1983. Osmium-187/Osmium-186 in Manganese Nodules and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 222 (November 11): 613-615.

* McCoy, E.D., and J.R. Rey, 1983. The Biogeography of Herbivorous Arthropods: Species Accrual on Tropical Crops. Ecol. Ent. 8(3): 305-313.

+ McDougall, K., 1980. Paleoecological evolution of late Eocen biostratigraphic zonations of the Pacific coast of North America. Journal of Paleontoilogy 54 (4): 1-75.

+ Martin, T.E., 1981. Species-area slopes and coefficients: a caution on their interpretation. American Naturalist 118(6):823-837.

+ Marshall. Larry G., Butler, Robert F., Drake, Robert E., Curtis, Garniss H., and Tedford, Richard H. 1979. Calibration of the Great American Interchange. Science. Vol.204: 272-279.

+ Metaxis, A. and Lewis, A.G. 1991. Interactions between two Species of Marine Diatoms: Effects on their Individual Copper Tolerance. Marine Biology 109:407-415.

Mildenhall, D.C., 1980. New Zealand late cretaceous and cenozoic plant biogeography: a contribution. Palaeogeography 31(2-4): 197-234.

Mittermeier, R.A. and Plotkin, M.J., 1980. Anolis marmoratus in French Guiana. Copeia 0(2): 371-373.

+ Napier, W.M., and Clube, S.V.M., 1979. A theory of terrestrial catastrophism. Nature 282 (November 29): 455-459.

National Coal Association, 1975. Coal. In, The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 4: 566-587. Toronto, Field Enterprises Educational Corporation.

+ Newell, N.D., 1972. Evolution of coral reefs. Sci. Amer. June: 54-65.

+ Newell, N.D., 1963. Crises in the history of life. Scientific American (February): 77-92.

+ Nissenbaum, A., 1976. Scavenging of soluble organic matter from the prebiotic oceans. Origin of Life 7 (4): 413-416.

Nitecki, M.H., 1981. Biotic crises in ecological and evolutionary time, 3rd annual spring systematics symposium, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 10, 1980. In, Biotic crises in ecological and evolutionary time, Nitecki, M.H. (ed.).

+ Officer, C.B., and Grieve, R.A.F., 1986. The impact of impacts and the nature of nature. EOS (August 19): 633-637.

+ Osman, R.W., 1977. The influence of disturbance, local diversity and biogeographic implications. J. Paleontol., 51 (2 suppl., part 3): 19-20.

+ Paecht-Horowitz, M., 1976. Clays as possible catalysts for peptide formation in the prebiotic era. Origins of Life, 7(4): 369-381.

Page, J., 1984. Arid Lands. Time-Life Books Inc., Virginia.

Pianka, E.R., 1988. Evolutionary Ecology, 4th edition. Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc.. pp. 49-58.

+ Pollack, J.B., Toon, O.B., Ackeman, T.P., McKay, C.P., and Turco, R.P., 1983. Environmental effect of an impact-generated dust cloud: Implications for the Cretaceou-Tertiary extinctions. Science 218 (January 21): 287-289.

+ Rampino, M.R., 1987. Worlds in Collision: How galactic disturbances trigger earthly upheavals. The Sciences 27 (4): 30-37.

+ Raup, D.M., 1982. Large body impacts and terrestrial evolution meeting, October 19-22, 1981. Paleobiology 8 (1): 1-3.

+ Raup, D.M., and Sepkoski, J.J., 1982. Mass extinction in the marine fossil record. Science 215 (March 19): 1501-1503.

+ Raymo, M.E. and Ruddiman, W.F. 1992. Tectonic Forcing of Late Cenozoic Climate. Nature Vol.359: 117-122.

+ Robbins, L.W., Moulton, M.P., and Baker, R.J., 1983. Extent of geographic range and magnitude of chromosomal evolution. Journal of Biogeography 10: 533-541.

+ Rodgers, W.A. and Owen, C.F. 1982. Biogeography of East African Forest Mammals. Journal of Biogeographers 9:41-54.

+ Ruddiman, W.F. and McIntyre, A. 1981. The Mode and Mechanism of the Last Deglaciation: Oceanic Evidence. Quaternary Research 16:125-134.

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Russell, D.A., 1989. An Odyssey in Time: The Dinosaurs of North America. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Toronto.

* Sabath, M.D., Boughton, W.C., Easteal, S., 1981. Expansion of the range of the introduced toad Bufo marinus in Australia 1935-1974. Copeia 1981 (3): 676-680.

Sahni, A and V. Kunov, 1974. Paleocene Palaeobiogeography of Indian Subcontinent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 15.

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Savage, R.J.G. 1988. Ancestors of Mammals. Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life.

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Thornton, I.W.B., 1981. The systematics phylogeny and biogeography of the psocopteran family Philotarsidae. Syst. Ent. 6(4): 413-452.

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Additions to Zoogeograhy Library (April/97)
Archipov, S.A. et al, (?). Glaciation of Siberia and North-East USSR. Quarternary Science Reviews 463-469.
Barron, E.J., 1987. Global Cretaceous Paleogeography - international geologic correlation program project 191. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59: 207-214.
Berra, T.M. et al., 1996. Galaxias maculatus: an explanation of its biogeography. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47: 845-849.
Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. and Michel Sartori, 1995. Distribution, diversity, life cycle and growth of a mayfly community in a prealpine stream system (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Hydrobiology 308: 85-101.
Briggs, J.C., 1989. The historic biogeography of India: isolation or contact. Syst. Zool. 38(4): 322-332.
Cannatella, D.C. and Rafael O. de Sa, 1993. Xenopus laevis as a model organism. Syst. Bio. 42(4): 476-507.
Cheshire, A.C., J.G. Conran and N.D. Hallam., 1995. A cladistic analysis of the evolution and biogeography of Durvillaea (Phaeophyta). J. Phycol. 31: 644-655.
Colbert, E.H., 1984. Mesozoic reptiles, India and Gondwanaland. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 11(1): 25-37.
Collette, B.B. and Petru Banarescu, 1977. Systematics and zoogeography of fishes of the family Pericdae. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 1450-1463.
Cosgriff, J.W., W.R. Hammer and W.J. Ryan, 1982. The Pangaean reptile, Lystrosaurus maccaigi, in the lower Triassic of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 56(2): 371-385.
Cox, C.B., 1974. Vertebrate palaeodistributional patterns and continental drift. Journal of Biogeography 1: 75-94.
Del Castillo, M., 1988. Another approach to the world of biogeography of the families of inland fishes. Syst. Zool. 37(1): 34-46.
Dobson, J.E., 1996. A palaeogeographic link between Australia and eastern North America: a New England connection? Journal of Biogeography 23: 609-617.
Edmunds (Jr), G.F., 1972. Biogeography and evolution of Ephemeropetera. (?) 21-42.
Edmunds (Jr), G.F. and W.P. McCafferty, 1988. The mayfly subimago. Ann. Rev. Entomology 33: 509-529.
Eyles, N. and Grant M. Young, 1994. Geodynamic controls on glaciation in Earth history. In, Earth's Glacial Record. M. Deynoux et al. (eds.) Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, 1-22.
Firby, J.R., 1966. New non-marine mollusca from the Esmeralda Formation, Navada. California Academy of Sciences 33(14): 453-480.
Gonzalez-Bonorino, G., 1992. Carboniferous glaciation in Gondwana. Evidence for grounded marine ice and continental glaciation in southwestern Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 91: 363-375.
Gressitt, J.L., 1974. Insect Biogeography. Annual Rev. Ent. (19): 293-321.
Huryn, A.D., 1996. Temperature-dependent growth and the life cycle of Deleatidium (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) in two high-country streams in New Zealand. Freshwater Biology 36: 351-361.
Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., 1988. Naturaleza geologica de Cuba.
Kato, M., 1993. Biogeography of ferns: dispersal and vicariance. Journal of Biogeography 20: 265-274.
Kavanaugh, D.H., 1980. Insects of western Canada, with special reference to certain Cerabidae (Coleoptera): present distribution patterns and their origins. The Can. Ent. 112: 1129-1144.
Kirtisinghe, P. (?). The amphibia of Ceylon.
Kovats, Z.E., Jan J.H. Ciborowski and Lynda D. Corkum, 1996. Inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects. Freshwater Biology 36: 265-276.
Krassilov, V.A., 1972. Phytogeographical classification of Mesozoic floras and their bearing on continental drift. Nature 237: 49-50.
Lundqvist, J., 1986. Late Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation in Scandinavia. In: Quarternary Glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere Report of the International Geological Correlation Program Project 24. Pergam Press: New York. 269-289
Lynch, J.D., 1982. Relationships of the frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Leptodactylidae) and their bearing on the hypotheses of the Pleistocene forest refugia in South America and punctuated equilibrium. Syst. Zool. 31(2): 166-179.
McCafferty, W.P., 1991. Comparison of old and new world Acanthametropus (Ephemeroptera: Acanthametropodidae) and other Psammophilous mayflies. Ent. News 102(5): 205-214.
McCafferty, W.P., (?) Chapter 2: Ephemeroptera
McCafferty, W.P. and G.F. Edmunds Jr., 1979. The higher classsification of Ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis. Entomological Society of America 72(1): 5-12.
McCafferty, W.P. and Nina Sinitshenkova, 1983. Litobrancha from the Oligocene in Eastern Asia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 205-208.
McCafferty, W.P., 1987. New fossil mayfly in amber and its relationship amound extant Ephemeridae (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 472-474.
McCafferty, W.P., 1984. The relationship between north and middle american Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 17(3): 125-128.
Mann, D.H., 1986. Wisconsin and Holocene glaciation of southeast Alaska. In: Glaciation in Alaska: The Geologic Record. Alaska Geologic Society. 237-254.
Michaux, B., 1994. Land movements and animal distributions in east Wallacea (eastern Indonesis, Papua New Guinea and Melanesia). Palaeogeo., Palaeoclim, Palaeoecology. 112: 323-343.
Novacek, M. and Larry G. Marshal, 1976. Early biogeographic history of Ostariophysan fishes. Copeia 1: 1-12.
O'Reilly, P., T.E. Reimchen, R. Beech and C. Strobeck, 1993. Mitochondrial DNA in Gasterosteus and Pleistocene glacial refugium on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Evolution 47(2): 678-684.
Ottesen, P.S., 1996. Niche segregation of terrestrial alpine bettles (Coleoptera) in relation to environmental gradients and phenology. Journal of Biogeo. 23: 353-369.
Parrish, J.T., 1993. Climate of the supercontinent Pangaea. The Journal of Geology 101: 215-233.
Patterson, C. and H.G. Owen, 1991. Indian isolation or contact? A response to Briggs. Syst. Zool. 40(1): 96-100.
Pescador, M.L. and George F. Edmunds, Jr, 1994. New genus of Oligoneuriidae (Ephemeroptera) from South America. Annals of the Entomological Soc. of America 87(3): 263-269.
Rauchenberger, M., 1988. Historical biogeography of Poecilid fishes in the Caribbean. Syst. Zool. 37(4): 356-365.
Sahni, A., 1984. Cretaceous-Paleocene terrestrial faunas of India: lack of endemism during drifting of the Indian plate. Science 226: 441-443.
Shi, G.R., N.W. Archbold and L.P. Zhan, 1995. Distribution and characteristics of mixed (transitional) mid-Permian (Late Artinskian-Ufimian) marine faunas in Asia and their palaeogeographical implications. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 114: 241-271.
Shi, Y. and Edward Derbyshire (?). Quaternary glaciation in China. Quaternary Science Reviews 503-506.
Simpson, G.G, 1940. Antarcticaas a faunal migration route. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association, Volume II. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Smith, R.M.H., 1995. Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117: 81-104.
Vance, S.A., 1996. The effect of the mermithid parasite Gasteromermis sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) on the drift behaviour of its mayfly host, Baetis bicaudatus (Ephemeropetera: Baetidae): a trade-off between avoiding predators and location food. Can. J. Zool. 74: 1907-1913.
Wang, Q., Ian W.B. Thornton and Tim R. New, 1996. Biogeography of the phoracanthine bettles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. of Biogeo. 23: 75-94.
Wang, T.Q., W.P. McCafferty and George F. Edmunds, 1995. Larva and adult of Teloganella (Ephemeroptera: Pannota) and assessment of familial classification. Annals of Entomological Society of America 88(3): 324-327.
Waters, T.F., 1965. Interpretation of invertebrate drift in streams. Ecology 46(3): 327-334.
White, S.E. (?). Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and chronology of Mexico. Quaternary Science Reviews 201-205.
Wooton, R.J., 1981. Palaeozoic insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 26: 319-344.
Additions to Zoogeograhy Library (April/96)
+ Stewart, K.W. and Lindsey, C.C. 1983. Postglacial dispersal of lower vertebrates in the Lake Agassiz region. Geological Ass. of Canada special paper 26.

+ Yemane, K. 1993. Contribution of Late Permian palaeogeography in maintaining a temperate climate in Gondwana. Nature 361 (Jan. 7) 51-52

+ Shangyou, N. 1991. Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of south China, north China and Tarim. Tectonophysics 196: 279-308

+ Roberts, T.R. 1974. Geographical distribution of African freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 57:249-319

+ Pollack,J.B. 1981. Environmental effects of an impact-generated dust cloud: Implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. Science 219 (Jan 7) 287-289

+ Nelson, G.(?). Historical Biogeography: An alternative formalization. Systematic Zoology (?) :555-558

+ Myers, G.S. 1966. Derivation of the freshwater fish fauna of Central America. Copeia 4: 766-773

+ Myers, G.S. 1951. Freshwater fishes and East Indian zoogeography. Stanford Icthyological Bulletin 4(1) 11-21

+ Murphy, J.B. and Nance, R.D. 1992. Mountain belts and the Supercontinent cycle. Sci. Amer. April: 84-91

+ Mildenhall, D.C. 1980. New Zealand late Cretaceous and Cenzoic plate biogeographic: a contribution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 31: 197-233

+ Mart, Y. 1991. The Dead Sea Rift: from continental rift to incipient ocean. Tectonophysics 197: 155-179

+ Laporte, L.F and Zihlman, A.L. 1983. Plates, Climate and Hominoid Evolution. South African J. of Sci. 79: 96-110

+ Kurten, V.B. 1963 Notes on some Pleistocene mammal migrations from the Palaearctic to the Nearctic. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 14: 539-544

+ Kazmin, V.G. 1991. Collision and rifting in the Tethys Ocean: geodynamic implications. Tectonophysics 196 : 371-384

+ Kauffman, E.G. 1984. Paleobiogeographic and evolutionary response dynamic in the Cretaceous Western interior seaway of North America. Geo. Assoc. of Canada special paper 27.

+ Jeletzky, J.A. 1984. Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary beds of Western and Artic Canada and the problem of the Tithonian-Berriasian stages in the Boreal Realm. Geo. Assoc. of Canada special paper 27

+ Hugueny, B. and Leveque, C. 1994. Freshwater fish zoogeography in west Africa: faunal similarities between river basins. Envir. biol. of Fishes. 39: 365-380

+ Howes, G.J. 1991. Biogeography of gadoid fishes. J. of Biogeography 18:595-622

+ Howes, G.J. and Teugels, G.G. 1989. New bariliin cyprinid fishes from West Africa, with consideration of their biogeography. J. of Natural History 23: 873-902.

+ Hocutt, C.H. 1978. Fishes of the Greenbrier river, West Virginia, with drainage history of the Central Appalachians. J. of Biogeography 5: 59-80

+ Girdler, R.W. 1991. The Afro-Arabian rift system - an overview. Tectonophysics 197: 139-153

+ Fox, B. 1984. Ecological principles in zoogeography. In: Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia(Animal in Space and Time) by M. Archer nad G Clayton.

+ Darevsky, I.S. and Kupriyanova, L.A. (?) chapter 6: Partenogenesis in Reptiles. pages 414-526

+ Dalziel, I.W.D. 1995. Earth before Pangea. Sci. Amer. (Jan): 58-63

+ Crawford, A.R. 1969. India, Ceylon and Pakistan: New age data and comparisons with Australia. Nature 223 (July 23): 380-384

+ Colbert, E.H. (?) Early Triassic tetrapods and Gondwanaland. Museum of Northern Arizona.

+ Boulin, J. 1991. Structure in Southwest Asia and evolution of the eastern Tethys. Tectonophysics 196: 211-268

+ Bodaly,R.A. 1977. Pleistocene watershed exchanges and the fish fauna ofthe Peel River Basin, Yukon Territory. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:388-395

+ Buffetaut, E. and Ingavat, R. 1983. The Mesozoic vertebrates of Thailand. Sci. Amer. (?) :80-85

+ Briggs, J.C. 1984. Freshwater fishes and biogeography of Central America and the Antilles. Syst. Zool. 33(4) : 428-435

+ Taylor, D.G. 1984. Jurassic ammonite biogeography of western North America: the tectonic implications. Geo. Assoc. of Canada special paper 27.

+ Veevers, J.J., Jones, J.G. and Talent, J.A. 1971. Indo-Australian stratigraphy and the configuration and dispersal of Gondwanaland. Nature 229 (Feb 5): 383-388

+ Ziegler, A.M. 1993. Models come in from the cold. Nature 361 (Jan. 7): 16-17

+ Westermann, G.E.G. 1984. Summary of symposium papers on the Jurassic-Cretaceous biochronology and paleogeography of North America. Geo. Assoc. of Canada special paper 27.

Additions to Zoogeograhy Library (April/97)
Archipov, S.A. et al, (?). Glaciation of Siberia and North-East USSR. Quarternary Science Reviews 463-469.
Barron, E.J., 1987. Global Cretaceous Paleogeography - international geologic correlation program project 191. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59: 207-214.
Berra, T.M. et al., 1996. Galaxias maculatus: an explanation of its biogeography. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47: 845-849.
Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. and Michel Sartori, 1995. Distribution, diversity, life cycle and growth of a mayfly community in a prealpine stream system (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Hydrobiology 308: 85-101.
Briggs, J.C., 1989. The historic biogeography of India: isolation or contact. Syst. Zool. 38(4): 322-332.
Cannatella, D.C. and Rafael O. de Sa, 1993. Xenopus laevis as a model organism. Syst. Bio. 42(4): 476-507.
Cheshire, A.C., J.G. Conran and N.D. Hallam., 1995. A cladistic analysis of the evolution and biogeography of Durvillaea (Phaeophyta). J. Phycol. 31: 644-655.
Colbert, E.H., 1984. Mesozoic reptiles, India and Gondwanaland. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 11(1): 25-37.
Collette, B.B. and Petru Banarescu, 1977. Systematics and zoogeography of fishes of the family Pericdae. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 1450-1463.
Cosgriff, J.W., W.R. Hammer and W.J. Ryan, 1982. The Pangaean reptile, Lystrosaurus maccaigi, in the lower Triassic of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 56(2): 371-385.
Cox, C.B., 1974. Vertebrate palaeodistributional patterns and continental drift. Journal of Biogeography 1: 75-94.
Del Castillo, M., 1988. Another approach to the world of biogeography of the families of inland fishes. Syst. Zool. 37(1): 34-46.
Dobson, J.E., 1996. A palaeogeographic link between Australia and eastern North America: a New England connection? Journal of Biogeography 23: 609-617.
Edmunds (Jr), G.F., 1972. Biogeography and evolution of Ephemeropetera. (?) 21-42.
Edmunds (Jr), G.F. and W.P. McCafferty, 1988. The mayfly subimago. Ann. Rev. Entomology 33: 509-529.
Eyles, N. and Grant M. Young, 1994. Geodynamic controls on glaciation in Earth history. In, Earth's Glacial Record. M. Deynoux et al. (eds.) Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, 1-22.
Firby, J.R., 1966. New non-marine mollusca from the Esmeralda Formation, Navada. California Academy of Sciences 33(14): 453-480.
Gonzalez-Bonorino, G., 1992. Carboniferous glaciation in Gondwana. Evidence for grounded marine ice and continental glaciation in southwestern Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 91: 363-375.
Gressitt, J.L., 1974. Insect Biogeography. Annual Rev. Ent. (19): 293-321.
Huryn, A.D., 1996. Temperature-dependent growth and the life cycle of Deleatidium (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) in two high-country streams in New Zealand. Freshwater Biology 36: 351-361.
Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., 1988. Naturaleza geologica de Cuba.
Kato, M., 1993. Biogeography of ferns: dispersal and vicariance. Journal of Biogeography 20: 265-274.
Kavanaugh, D.H., 1980. Insects of western Canada, with special reference to certain Cerabidae (Coleoptera): present distribution patterns and their origins. The Can. Ent. 112: 1129-1144.
Kirtisinghe, P. (?). The amphibia of Ceylon.
Kovats, Z.E., Jan J.H. Ciborowski and Lynda D. Corkum, 1996. Inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects. Freshwater Biology 36: 265-276.
Krassilov, V.A., 1972. Phytogeographical classification of Mesozoic floras and their bearing on continental drift. Nature 237: 49-50.
Lundqvist, J., 1986. Late Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation in Scandinavia. In: Quarternary Glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere Report of the International Geological Correlation Program Project 24. Pergam Press: New York. 269-289
Lynch, J.D., 1982. Relationships of the frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Leptodactylidae) and their bearing on the hypotheses of the Pleistocene forest refugia in South America and punctuated equilibrium. Syst. Zool. 31(2): 166-179.
McCafferty, W.P., 1991. Comparison of old and new world Acanthametropus (Ephemeroptera: Acanthametropodidae) and other Psammophilous mayflies. Ent. News 102(5): 205-214.
McCafferty, W.P., (?) Chapter 2: Ephemeroptera
McCafferty, W.P. and G.F. Edmunds Jr., 1979. The higher classsification of Ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis. Entomological Society of America 72(1): 5-12.
McCafferty, W.P. and Nina Sinitshenkova, 1983. Litobrancha from the Oligocene in Eastern Asia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 205-208.
McCafferty, W.P., 1987. New fossil mayfly in amber and its relationship amound extant Ephemeridae (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80: 472-474.
McCafferty, W.P., 1984. The relationship between north and middle american Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 17(3): 125-128.
Mann, D.H., 1986. Wisconsin and Holocene glaciation of southeast Alaska. In: Glaciation in Alaska: The Geologic Record. Alaska Geologic Society. 237-254.
Michaux, B., 1994. Land movements and animal distributions in east Wallacea (eastern Indonesis, Papua New Guinea and Melanesia). Palaeogeo., Palaeoclim, Palaeoecology. 112: 323-343.
Novacek, M. and Larry G. Marshal, 1976. Early biogeographic history of Ostariophysan fishes. Copeia 1: 1-12.
O'Reilly, P., T.E. Reimchen, R. Beech and C. Strobeck, 1993. Mitochondrial DNA in Gasterosteus and Pleistocene glacial refugium on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Evolution 47(2): 678-684.
Ottesen, P.S., 1996. Niche segregation of terrestrial alpine bettles (Coleoptera) in relation to environmental gradients and phenology. Journal of Biogeo. 23: 353-369.
Parrish, J.T., 1993. Climate of the supercontinent Pangaea. The Journal of Geology 101: 215-233.
Patterson, C. and H.G. Owen, 1991. Indian isolation or contact? A response to Briggs. Syst. Zool. 40(1): 96-100.
Pescador, M.L. and George F. Edmunds, Jr, 1994. New genus of Oligoneuriidae (Ephemeroptera) from South America. Annals of the Entomological Soc. of America 87(3): 263-269.
Rauchenberger, M., 1988. Historical biogeography of Poecilid fishes in the Caribbean. Syst. Zool. 37(4): 356-365.
Sahni, A., 1984. Cretaceous-Paleocene terrestrial faunas of India: lack of endemism during drifting of the Indian plate. Science 226: 441-443.
Shi, G.R., N.W. Archbold and L.P. Zhan, 1995. Distribution and characteristics of mixed (transitional) mid-Permian (Late Artinskian-Ufimian) marine faunas in Asia and their palaeogeographical implications. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 114: 241-271.
Shi, Y. and Edward Derbyshire (?). Quaternary glaciation in China. Quaternary Science Reviews 503-506.
Simpson, G.G, 1940. Antarcticaas a faunal migration route. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science Association, Volume II. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Smith, R.M.H., 1995. Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117: 81-104.
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Additions to Zoogeograhy Library (April/98) - note that some titles are incomplete at the present time)
"+ Agur, Z., 1981. Why is the Mediterranean more Readily Colonized than the Red Sea by Organisms Using the Suez Canal as a passageway?. Springer: 359-361."
"+ Bell, S.S. and K.M. Sherman, 1980. A Field Investigation of Meiofaunal Dispersal Tidal Resuspension and Implications. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Vol. 3:245-249."
"+ Bellwood, P.S., ------. The People of The Pacific. 174-185."
"+ Broecker, W.S., 1982. Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry. Prog. Oceanog. Vol. 11:151-197."
"+ Bullard, F.M., 1979. Volcanoes and Their Activity. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. Chap 2: 9-43."
"+ Chapman, A.,------. Chapter #1 History and Enviroment. Drama and Power in a Hunting Society:7-77."
"+ Chappell, J. & N.J. Shackleton., 1986. Oxygen Isotopes and Sea Level. Nature (324)Nov. 13:137-139."
"+ Crawford, A. R., 1974. A greater Gondwanaland. Science (184) June 14:1179-1181>"
"+ Dietz, R.S. and W.E. Sproel, 1970. Fit Between Africa and Antarctica a Continental Drift Reconstruction. Science. March:1612-1614."
"+ Erwin, T.L., ------. Chapter 4 Taxon pulses, Vicariance, and Dispersal: An Evolutionary Synthesis is Illustrated by Carabid Bettles. :159-183."
"+ Fleming C.A., ------.New Zealand Biogeography. New Zealand Geological Survey:53-107."
"+ Glem, D.R. and D.R. Brooks, 1986. Parasitological evidence pertaining to the phylogeny of the hominoid primates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society:000-000."
"+ Hansen, T.A., 1980. Influence of Larval Dispersal and geographic distributions on species longevity in neogastropods. Paleobiology 6(2):193-207."
"+ Hsu, K.J., 1980. Terrestial Catastrophe caused by cometary impact at the end of Cretaceous. Nature (285) May 22:201-203."
"+ Kidd, R.J. and A.L. Rice., 1986. A Mechanism for the Transport of Swarms of Raninid Megalops in the Eastern Caribbean. Journal of Crustacean Biology 6(4) 679-685."
"+ McGowen, G. & S.E. Evans, 1995. Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Cretaceous of Spain. Nature (373) 12 Jan.:143-145>"
"+ Mathews, W.H., J.G. Fyles and H.W. Nasmith, 1970. Postglacial crustal movements in southwestern British Columbia and adjacent Washington State. Canadian Journal Of Earth Sciences 7(690):690-701."
"+ Maxwell, J.C., 1984. What is the Lithosphere. EOS Vol.65(17) 24 April: 321+324."
"+ Melosh, H. J. , N. M. Schneider, K. J. Zahnle and D. Latham., 1990. Ignition of global wildfires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary. Nature (343) 18 Jan.: 251-254."
"+ O'Grady, R.T., 1984. Evolutionary Theory and Teleology. J. theor. Biol. (107):563-578."
"+ Rampino, M.R. & T. Volk, 1988. Mass Extinctions, atmospheric sulfur and climatic warming at the K?T boundary. Nature (332) 3 March: 63-65."
"+ Raven, P.H. and D.I. Axelrod, 1972. Plate Tectonics and Australasian Paleobiogeography. Science (176) 30 June: 1379-1384."
"+ Scheltema, R.S., 1979. Dispersal of phelagic larvae and the Zoogeography of tertiary Marine Benthic Gastropods. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium Vol. 37:391-397."
"+ Schopf, T.J.M., 1979. The role of Biogeographic Provinces in Regulating Marine Faunal Diversity through Geologic Time. Proceedings of the Annual Biology Colloquium Vol. 37."
"+ Shear. W.A., 1993. One Small Step for an Arthropod. Natural History 3/93:47-50."
"+ Sinclair, A.R.E., Chapter 17 The Adaptations of African ungulates and their effects on Community Function. Tropical Savannas: 401-426."
"+ Tucker, M.E., 1982. Triassic Environments, climates and Reptile Evolution. Paleogeography, climatology, ecology. (40):361-379."
"+ Weissel, J.K. & D.E. Hayes & E.M. Herron, 1977. Plate Tectonics synthesis:----. Marine Geology (25):231-277."
"+ Wilce, R.T., -------. Role of the Arctic Ocean as a bridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Fact Or Hypothesis. NATO ASI series Vol. G22:323-347. Evolutionary Biogeography of the Marine Algae of The North Atlantic."
"+ Zmudzinski, L., 1990. Past and Recent occurrence of Malacostraca glacial relicts in Polish Lakes. Ann. Zool. Fennici 27:227-230, 10 Dec. 1990."