Documentation in essays,
reports and papers.
Form of Citations in the text: Please use author and date citations
within the text:
The names of authors may be directly cited in the text as in the following
example:
Jones & Smith (1991) found that….
In this case the date of the publication allows you to determine which Jones and Smith
entry in the reference list is being refered to. If there are three or more authors, you
can say:
Jones et al. (1993) concluded ...
Notice in this case that et al. is a Latin abbreviation for et alia (and
others). It should be underlined or italicized.
Sources can also be indirectly cited by putting both the author's names and the
publication date in parentheses in your text as in this example:
The position of telomeres in Paramecium macronuclear DNA
plasmids is variable (Forney 1992, 1994a, 1994b).
Again, et al. may be used in cases of three or more authors. The notation '1994a,
1994b' is used to denote two different publications with exactly the same authors with
names listed inthe same sequence and published in the same year.
If you use a direct quote, then cite the page number as follows:
(Jones & Smith 1994, page 256).
Form of entry in the References or Works Cited page. Every documented
papers requires a Works Cited or References page:
Entry for a journal article:
Ann, K.-S. & Nelson, D.L. 1996. A nucleoside diphosphate kinase
from Paramecium tetraurelia with protein kinase activity. J. Euk. Microbiol.
43, 365-372.
Always include author's names, date, full title, the name of
the journal, volume and page numbers.
Entry for a chapter in a book consisting of chapters by different authors:
Doakes, J.P, & Schäffer, H.-D. 1993. Control of Cell
Movement. In: Jones, J., ed., Essential Physiology of Protists, Springer &
Binney. pp. 137-195.
Notice that the title of the book and the name of the editor are given as well as the
names of the authors and the title of the chapter. In the case of chapters, the publisher
of the volume is also listed. This is not usually done with journals.
Web sites
References to web sites should include the full URL. These should be copied and pasted,
not retyped as there is too much opportunity for error. Where possible include the name of
an author.